Russian class pension: reached the collective farmers & nbsp. Social security of collective farmers in the European North of Russia in the second half of the 20th century Introduction of pensions for collective farmers

Pensions in the USSR: Social Reforms 1917-1990.

Pensions in the USSR: Social reforms 1917-1990

The creation of social security bodies of the Soviet period began literally in the first days after the October Revolution. So, already on October 29 (November 11, according to the new style), 1917, the head of the new government, Vladimir Lenin, signed a decree on the creation of the People's Commissariat of State Charity.

Already on October 30 (November 12), Lenin had a conversation with Alexandra Kollontai, who, after extensive experience in party work at the beginning of the 20th century, was invited to the post of first minister in the Soviet government. The choice of a candidate for the post of People's Commissar of Charity was not accidental.

Alexandra Kollontai headed the People's Commissariat of State Charity for only a few months: from October 30, 1917 to March 19, 1918. But even for such short term The activities of the first People's Commissar of Charity played a crucial role in the formation of guardianship bodies in the Soviet Republic - in the emergency conditions of two wars (world and civil), with a huge flow of wounded soldiers and people left without a livelihood.

In August 1918, pensions were introduced for the disabled of the Red Army, in 1923 - for party activists ("Old Bolsheviks"). In 1928 - for workers in the mining and textile industries. General pensions for urban workers and employees will be introduced only in 1937.

The pension provision of military personnel in the first years of Soviet power was regulated by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of October 29, 1924 "On the Approval of the Code of Laws on Benefits and Benefits for the Servicemen of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army and the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Navy of the USSR and their families."

Literally on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, on June 5, 1941, a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On pension provision servicemen and members of their families”, which determined the size of the pension depending on the salary and reasons for the disability of servicemen.

With the end of the NEP period and the beginning of collectivization in 1929, the standard of living of the working population fell rapidly.

In the pre-war period (before the beginning of the Great Patriotic War), the minimum standard of living for workers - in terms of the ratio of wages and the cost of the consumer basket - was fixed in 1940. It was two times lower than the standard of living of a Russian worker in 1913.

As for the peasants, their position in the country did not change for a long time, starting from the period of serfdom. Peasants did not receive pensions in pre-revolutionary Russia. Under Soviet power, rural workers still remained virtually deprived of rights. Right up to the 60s, when during the period of Khrushchev's "thaw" there were significant changes in the social sphere. At the same time, the formation of the Soviet pension system, which for the first time became universal, was basically completed.

In 1956, the USSR adopted the Law “On state pensions».

In 1964, with the adoption of the Law "On Pensions and Allowances for Members of Collective Farms", collective farmers for the first time received pension rights in the Soviet Union.

Starting from the 1960s, the USSR pension system included two basic components: pensions for workers and employees of state enterprises and pensions for collective farmers. For the first time, the universal right to receive an old-age pension was formalized by law.

In the period 1973-1974, disability and survivor's pensions were introduced.

Some categories of workers were given the right to receive a pension for long service, but these norms, like many other exceptions to the general rule for assigning pensions in the Soviet Union, were regulated by separate laws.

Pension provision in the USSR was actually free for workers. In the absence of insurance contributions from the income of citizens, pensions were financed from public consumption funds.

Sources pension payments were formed at the expense of the state budget and deductions from the wage fund of enterprises (the rate of deductions ranged from 4% to 12%, depending on the field of activity).

Another distinguishing feature of the Soviet pension system is the low retirement age: 60 for men and 55 for women. This bar has remained unchanged since the early 1930s, when it was set based on the results of a commission survey of workers and workers who retired due to disability. The conclusions of the commissions were reduced to the conclusion: "By the age of 55, most of the women and by the age of 60, the majority of men lose the opportunity to continue working."

On the one hand, an early retirement age was considered among the special privileges of working people under socialism. On the other hand, it was unprofitable for the state to increase the age limit: early retirement was a kind of compensation for the low amount of pension payments.

In addition, the state used the level of pension service as an effective tool for regulating employment: a preferential retirement age - when it was possible to retire much earlier than 60 and 55 years old - was established under dangerous working conditions, as well as for those working in extreme climatic conditions , for example, in the Far North and the Far East. Moreover, all regional and sectoral benefits were provided exclusively at the expense of state funding. Like many other pension privileges, many of which have developed throughout Soviet history.

The system of pension privileges in the USSR began to take shape already in the first years of Soviet power.

First Decree of the Council of People's Commissars On personal pensions to persons who have exceptional services to the republic”was released on February 16, 1923, with amendments and additions in the Decree of April 24 of the same year.

Regardless of specific merits to the state, throughout the Soviet period of pensions, there were three categories of pension privileges: pensioners of federal, republican and local significance.

Traditionally, outstanding scientists, honored party workers, as well as holders of honorary titles and awards: Heroes of the Soviet Union, Heroes of Socialist Labor, full holders of the Order of Glory (three degrees) were given the right to receive a personal pension.

The size of the federal pension was 250 rubles per month. Republican and local values - respectively, 160 and 140 rubles per month. Along with a regular cash payment, personal pensioners received an annual supplement for health improvement - in the amount of one or two monthly pensions.

Personal pension rates were relatively low compared to departmental allowances.

Thus, for example, full members of the USSR Academy of Sciences received an academic title bonus of 500 rubles per month. Corresponding members - 400 rubles. The surcharge for the title was paid for life: first in the form of a salary supplement, then in the form of a pension.

Military pensioners were also in a special position in the USSR. The level of pensions for retired officers was, on average, twice that of civilians. For example, retired officers of the army and security agencies received a pension salary of 250 rubles a month, employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - 220 rubles. The level of pensions for senior officers started from 300 rubles per month.

At the same time, officers in senior positions were one of the few categories of pensioners in the Soviet Union who had the privilege of continuing to serve without age restrictions. That in itself was a significant increase in retirement income.

Despite the variety of pension benefits, including compensation for special working conditions, the average level of pension provision in the USSR still remained quite low relative to pension incomes in European countries, including yielding to the European countries of the so-called "socialist camp".

One of the reasons for this situation was imperfect pension legislation. The Soviet Union did not legally provide for the possibility of indexing pension payments due to changes in the external and internal economic situation. They changed much more often than there was a real increase in pensions in the country. Also, the rules for changing the rates of the minimum and maximum pensions depending on the growth of salaries were not prescribed.

The problems of pension provision in the country sharply worsened in the late 1980s. At that time, there was a whole range of reasons why this happened.

The financial condition of the pension system of the USSR was completely dependent on the dynamics of filling the state budget. In turn, the country's budget was almost completely dependent on the dynamics of world oil prices.

In the mid-1980s, falling energy prices brought the Soviet economy into a state of collapse: the outflow of foreign exchange earnings sharply reduced the overall level of national income, followed by an avalanche-like fall in output.

By the end of the 1980s, the level of the state budget deficit had risen to 10% of GDP. Social programs, including pensions, were curtailed in all directions.

But the oil crisis of the 1980s only exposed the problems of the Soviet pension system, and did not cause them at all.

The number of pensioners in the USSR has increased significantly over the past 30 years: from about 14 million to 34 million from 1961 to 990. At the same time, social contribution rates for enterprises remained virtually unchanged. The share of state financing of pensions has steadily increased. By 1980, the share of subsidies from the Union budget in the state social insurance fund reached 60%.

In pursuance of the USSR law "On urgent measures to improve pensions and social services for the population", a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 30, 1989 "On the rates of contributions to state social insurance by trade unions" was adopted.

Adopted changes in regulation pension savings in the USSR, under the new economic conditions, however, it operated for a very short time: from January 1, 1990 to January 1, 1991.

As for the general shortcomings of the pay-as-you-go pension system that has developed in the Soviet Union, the most important of them were as follows.

First, the lack of a uniform pension strategy with unified rules for assigning pensions. The multiplicity of options for pension schemes, along with additional social benefits and privileges (regional, sectoral, status, and others), gave rise to an opaque and extremely cumbersome system for calculating individual pensions.

Secondly, the selectivity of the operation of the pension law, which became especially noticeable with the adoption of the law on entrepreneurial activity in the USSR. The massive emergence of private enterprises and the development of forms of independent employment have effectively deprived the most active groups of the population of the right to pensions.

Thirdly, regarding early age retirement (60 years for men and 55 years for women) in the context of the general "aging" of the population increased the burden on the pension system, and above all on the state budget. The critical dependence of the pension system of the USSR on budgetary replenishment led to a critically low margin of safety for the country's social system as a whole.

Despite the fact that the country's constitution declared universal social guarantees, the general standard of living in last years existence of the USSR dropped sharply, including due to an increase in the proportion of the population retirement age. According to living standards surveys conducted in the 1980s, up to 80% of the poor in the Soviet Union were pensioners, mostly of older and advanced age.

53 years ago was significantly expanded pension provision of Soviet citizens.

On July 14, 1956, the USSR Law "On State Pensions" was adopted, which provided for old-age, disability and survivors' pensions. Disability pensions were established not only for workers and employees, but also for military privates, sergeants and senior officers military service, students of higher, secondary special and other educational institutions. For family members of these categories, pensions were provided for the loss of a breadwinner.

The law enshrined the basic principles of the Soviet pension system:

guaranteed state pensions without any deduction from workers' earnings;

payment of pensions at the expense of all-Union funds;

uniform grounds for pension provision (old age, disability, loss of a breadwinner);

a single age and uniform requirements for the length of service necessary for the appointment of a pension;

a unified procedure for calculating the amount of a pension from earnings with an advantage for low-paid categories of workers.

The basis for calculating the pension of each worker was the size of the salary. A full pension was provided to men from the age of sixty with at least twenty-five years of work experience and to women from fifty-five years of age with at least twenty years of work experience.

A long term of work in one place was also welcomed. Some categories of workers were provided with an additional pension for years of service. Pension supplements were accrued for continuous work experience. The allowance was also received by pensioners who have dependent family members who are unable to work. The state also encouraged working pensioners. In addition to their salary, they were partially or fully paid a pension.

Eight years later, with the introduction in 1964 of the pension system for collective farmers, which was described a year ago on July 15, a unified state pension system was created in the country. It provided the standard of living for Soviet pensioners for almost thirty years.

In May 1990, the USSR law "On the provision of pensions for citizens in the USSR" was adopted.

In the same year, the law of the RSFSR "On State Pensions in the RSFSR" was adopted, which practically blocked the operation of the federal law and established new rules for pension provision. Was first created Pension Fund Russia as an independent extra-budgetary credit and financial system.

In the future, the pension system in Russian Federation reformed several times. Currently active the federal law"On labor pensions in the Russian Federation", adopted in 2001, has already gone through several editions and many changes.

The order of activity of the Supreme Court of the USSR was the topic of the day last year.

Collective farmers' pensions

44 years ago, a unified system of pensions for collective farmers was introduced.

Adopted in 1936, the "Stalinist" Constitution secured the right of citizens of the USSR to material security in old age, as well as in case of illness and disability. However, there was no state social welfare system for rural residents. Social Security collective farmers were assigned to agricultural artels, where collective farmers could create funds to help the disabled, the elderly and other needy rural residents. Payments were often in kind and were not mandatory. The law on state pensions and allowances for collective farmers caused a great public outcry. Three types of pensions were established: for old age, for disability, for the loss of a breadwinner. Collective farmers were entitled to benefits for pregnancy and childbirth. The size of state pensions and allowances for collective farmers were set lower than for workers and employees, however, the state undertook the obligation to gradually increase them. Currently, Russian system social security meets world standards. However, the size of pensions and benefits remains at a critically low level.

The column "Historical document" will introduce you to the normative documents adopted many years ago. We will try to select documents that are prominent representatives of their time and have had a significant impact on the life and history of Russia, its citizens, and, in some cases, the history of our entire planet.

Collective farmers were not paid pensions

In the USSR, collective farmers were not entitled to pensions. The myth is used to create an image of the humiliated and destitute condition of the peasantry in the USSR.

Examples of using

“A particularly hard lot fell to the peasants (collective farmers were not entitled to pensions, holidays, they did not have passports, could not leave the village without the permission of the authorities, paid land tax, etc.)” 1) .

"The pension system did not cover the peasants" 2).

Reality

In 1935, the USSR constitution enshrined the right of all citizens of the country to pensions. There was no unified pension fund at that time, the payment of social benefits for disability and old age was assigned directly to artels, which were supposed to create a social fund 3) and a mutual fund for this purpose.

Also, by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On Benefits for Elderly Collective Farmers and Individual Farmers” dated September 8, 1937, the farms of collective farmers and individual farmers who were unable to work due to advanced age (60 years and more) and were not having able-bodied members in the family 4) .

“The exemplary Charter of the agricultural artel of 1935 (Article 11) obliged the board of the collective farm, by decision of the general meeting of the members of the artel, to create a social fund to assist the disabled, the elderly, collective farmers who have temporarily lost their ability to work, needy families of military personnel, for the maintenance of kindergartens, nurseries and orphans. The fund was to be created from the harvest and livestock products received by the collective farm in an amount not exceeding 2% of the total gross output of the collective farm. The collective farm, if possible, allocated products and cash. At their own discretion, collective farms could also establish permanent pensions for elderly collective farmers and disabled workers by monthly distribution of food, money, or accrue workdays. Sizes and order of pension provision (retirement age and necessary for receiving a pension seniority) were determined by the general meeting of the members of the artel or by the meeting of authorized representatives” 5).

So, until the end of the 60s, collective farmers also received a pension, it was simply not the state that issued it, but the collective farm itself. In addition to pensions from the collective farm, specialists and invalids of the Great Patriotic War could additionally receive a state pension. “The number of such collective farmers was small. In the Vologda Oblast in 1963 there were only 8.5 thousand retired collective farmers, which was no more than 10% of the total number of elderly members of agricultural artels” 6) .

For workers and employees, state pensions are established in 1956 by the law on state pensions 7).

With the release in 1964 of the "Law on Pensions and Allowances for Members of Collective Farms" 8), the final formation of the pension system of the USSR takes place and the state takes full responsibility for paying pensions. At the same time, in the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, it was specifically noted that collective farms, at their discretion, can save their pension payments in addition to the state pension.

All subsequent years, there is a gradual alignment of the pension provision of collective farmers with the provision of workers and employees, thanks to the outstripping growth rates of pensions for collective farmers.

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Pension reform began to develop in the late 60s of the last century. During the formation of the pension policy, more than 80 bills on pension payments were introduced. To understand the essence of today's pension reform, every citizen should know how it all began, so today we will talk about the most important historical moments of the reform of pensioners in the USSR.

When did it appear?

Pension in the USSR originated in 1956, namely on July 14 after the signing of the relevant law.

The bill that was passed included important points, how:

general requirements of the pension system;

age criteria and period of work experience;

the procedure for paying pensions;

a single calculation procedure;

the amount of pension contributions for different categories of citizens.

10 years after the above bill, a new pension system was developed, as a result of which all pension payments were made at the expense of the state.

Advantages of the Soviet pension system- all citizens of the country received the minimum level of pension.

Characteristics of the pension reform of the USSR

Let us single out the main features of the USSR pension reform:

Retirement age does not differ from the indicators of the present - 55 and 60 years (women and men, respectively).

The pension was appointed in the following categories:

The pension was granted subject to the following conditions:

reaching the appropriate age;
total experience of 5 years;
experience before registration of pension contributions - 3 years and above.

Average pension indicators

The total amount of pension payments in the USSR depended on the salary and the number of years worked.

The pension payments of rural residents were 15% lower than the amount of pension payments for city employees!

Thus, the average indicators of pension contributions in the city varied from 70-120 rubles per month.

But there were also higher rates, for example, the head of a large organization could receive 250 rubles a month after receiving a pension.

Citizens who did not work officially received social payments in the amount of 35 rubles.

In addition to the basic amount of pension payments, citizens could count on allowances by the state under the following conditions:

age 65;
the presence of Russian citizenship;
Deputy activity until 1994 for at least 1 year.

AT this moment The developed bill was not approved in the State Duma. The main reason for the refusal is the high amount of budget expenditures.

Pension payments to collective farmers

At the moment, there is a misconception that in Soviet times, collective farmers did not receive pension contributions.

In fact, the pension was paid to all categories of citizens of the country, but from different financial sources. So, the collective farmers received a pension from the artels, which created their own fund for the implementation of pension payments.

The created fund was supposed to pay a pension in the form of cash payments, the issuance of food, or additional workdays were accrued. The amount of pension payments was set separately for each collective farmer at a general meeting of members of the artel or at a meeting of authorized persons.

Let's highlight the main features:

age 60 and 65 years (women and men, respectively);
experience - from 20 years;
minimum pension indicators - 12 rubles;
maximum criteria - 102 rubles;
the amount of the pension was calculated from half of the salary for the last 2 years of work or for any 5 years of labor activity;
citizens of retirement age could, if desired, continue working;
The following persons were entitled to additional allowances and increases:
- pregnant women;
- ladies caring for a child under 3 years old;
- persons with dependents in care;
- invalids.
- maximum retirement age;
- experience;
- average monthly pension, etc.

On October 31, 1918, Lenin signed the "Regulations on the social security of workers", which provided for the appointment of pensions only in case of disability. For certain categories of workers, pensions for long service later appeared. And in 1929 they began to assign old-age pensions, but not for everyone. Millions of Soviet people received the right not to work to death only many years and decades later.

From the "Regulations on the social security of workers", approved by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on October 31, 1918.

Art. 8th. Purpose of granting benefits and pensions

1. The issuance of benefits and pensions is aimed at providing means of subsistence to persons who have lost their main income or part of it due to disability or unemployment.

2. Benefits and pensions are not issued to persons who have lost their ability to work, if these circumstances are not accompanied by the loss of earnings or part thereof, and in the latter case, the earnings and incomes of this person are deducted from the benefit or pension ...

Art. 15th. Under what circumstances are pensions awarded?

The pensions specified in this chapter are granted in cases of complete or partial permanent loss of ability to work, regardless of the reasons that caused the loss of ability to work (illness, injury, old age, occupational disease, etc.).

Art. 16th. Deadlines for the appointment of pensions

Pensions are assigned from the date of submission of the disability application.

Art. 17th. The duration of the pension

Pensions are issued until the day of the death of the insured, unless earlier than this period the pensioner's working capacity is restored to the norm, below which pensions are not issued.

Art. 18th. The amount of pensions

The size of the monthly pension in case of complete disability is set: in the amount of 25 times the normal daily allowance, issued in the area where the pensioner lives. In case of partial disability, the size of the pension is established for persons:

those who have lost from 15 to 29% of their working capacity in the amount of 1/5 of the full pension;
those who have lost from 30 to 44% of their working capacity in the amount of 1/2 of the full pension;
those who have lost from 45 to 60% of their working capacity in the amount of 3/4 of the full pension;
over 60% of the full pension.

Pensioners who, due to helplessness, require special care, pensions should be increased accordingly.

Note 1. In cases of acute industrial and economic crises throughout the country, the People's Commissariat of Labor is given the opportunity to temporarily cancel the issuance of pensions to persons who have lost their ability to work below 30%.

Note 2. The Department of Social Security and Labor Protection of the People's Commissariat of Labor is allowed to change the groups of recipients of pensions, as well as issue instructions on their application.

From the "Regulations on scientific workers of higher educational institutions", approved by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on January 21, 1924.

21. Full-time professors and teachers of higher educational institutions who have served as scientific workers for at least twenty-five years or who have reached the age of sixty-five years after serving for at least ten years are entitled to receive a lifetime pension in the amount of the salary established for full-time professors and teachers of higher educational institutions. , with automatic pension increases as tariffs rise. Work as a researcher is included in the total period of scientific and educational service from the moment of enrollment in a research institute or leaving a higher educational institution as a researcher.

Note 1. In case of loss of ability to work before reaching the age of sixty, scientific workers who have served as a scientific worker for at least fifteen years are entitled to receive a pension in the amount of half of the salary, and those who have served for at least twenty years - in the amount of the full salary.

Note 2. Researchers who lost their ability to work in the performance of or in connection with the performance of their duties receive a pension in the amount of the full salary of their last position, regardless of the length of their scientific activity.

From the resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On the provision of pensions for teachers of schools of the 1st stage, rural and urban, and other educational workers in the countryside", January 15, 1925.

Considering the improvement of the material situation of the people's teachers and other workers of education to be one of the main conditions for the development of public education, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decide:

1. Introduce long service pensions for education workers.

As the first measure in this area, to be further developed as the economic situation of the USSR strengthens, to establish, from January 1, 1925, pensions for educational workers on the following grounds.

2. Teachers of schools of the 1st level (elementary schools.- "Story") both rural and urban, as well as the following employees of cultural and educational institutions in rural areas: heads of reading huts, librarians, teachers of lower agricultural schools and teaching staff of orphanages.

3. All mentioned in art. 2 of this Decree, employees acquire the right to receive a service pension (as in the text.- "Story") by them for 25 years in the listed positions, regardless of whether their service took place in one or more of those named in Art. 2 institutions.

4. When establishing the right to a pension, pre-revolutionary service in positions corresponding to those listed in Art. 2, provided, however, the status of at least 5 years in the Soviet service in those specified in Art. 2 positions. The list of positions, the time of service in which is counted in the length of service required to receive a pension, is established by the instruction ...

(In 1929, the list of educational workers entitled to seniority pensions was significantly expanded. In the same year, they were equated with medical and veterinary workers working in the countryside. Later, civil aviation crews and certain categories of artists received the right to retire. Writers, composers and other creative workers had separate and changing pension legislation over time. "Story".)

The law on state pensions, adopted in 1956, equalized the pension rights of all citizens of the USSR, except for collective farmers

Photo: Andrey Novikov / Photo archive of the Ogonyok magazine

From the resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On the provision of social insurance in the event of old age", May 15, 1929.

1. Establish an old-age social security pension.

To introduce this provision from April 15, 1929, for workers in the mining and metal industries (and the electrical industry), as well as railway and water transport workers who left employment after January 1, 1929, and for workers in the textile industry who left employment after January 1, 1929. December 1927

The terms for extending the old-age security to workers in other branches of the national economy, as well as to employees, are determined by the Allied Council of Social Insurance under the People's Commissariat of Labor of the USSR in accordance with the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

2. The following have the right to a pension:

a) men who have reached the age of 60 by the day they leave employment, if they have been employed for a total of at least 25 years;

b) women who have reached the age of 55 by the day they leave employment, if they have been employed for a total of at least 20 years.

Persons employed in underground work in the mining industry are entitled to a pension if they have reached the age of 50 by the day they leave employment and have been employed for at least 20 years in total.

The Federal Council of Social Insurance under the People's Commissariat of Labor of the USSR is granted the right to lower the age and length of employment for persons employed in hazardous industries, established by paragraphs. "a" and "b" of this article.

3. An old-age pension is granted regardless of the state of disability.

4. The pension is assigned in the amount of half of the pensioner's previous earnings.

The Federal Council of Social Insurance is given the right to set limits above and below which a pension may not be awarded.

5. If a pensioner has earnings from employment or other income, then the issuance of a pension to him may be suspended or completely terminated, or the amount of the pension may be reduced.

6. Instead of issuing a pension, insurance funds may place pensioners, with their consent, in institutions for invalids, etc. ...

From the "Regulations on pensions and benefits for social insurance", approved by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on February 13, 1930.

11. The following have the right to an old-age pension:

a) workers in the following industries: mining, metal (including the electrical industry), chemical, textile, printing, glass and porcelain, tobacco and shag;

b) workers of railway and water transport.

The distribution of old-age security to workers in other industries, as well as to employees, is carried out by the Federal Council of Social Insurance.

From the "Regulations on Benefits for Persons Working in the Far North of the RSFSR", approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on May 10, 1932.

15. For workers entitled to long service pensions, a year of work in the Far North counts as two years for receiving pensions, and workers who have served in the Far North for 10 years continuously are paid a pension in the amount established for 25 years of work.

From the "Exemplary Charter of the Agricultural Artel", approved by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on February 17, 1935.

11. Of the crops and livestock products received by the artel, the artel:

a) fulfills its obligations to the state for the supply and return of seed loans, pays in kind to the machine and tractor station for the work of the MTS in accordance with the concluded contract having the force of law, fulfills contracting agreements;

b) fills up seeds for sowing and fodder to feed livestock for the entire annual need, as well as for insurance against crop failure and lack of fodder, creates inviolable, annually renewable seed and fodder funds in the amount of 10-15% of the annual need;

c) creates, by decision of the general meeting, funds to help the disabled, the elderly who have temporarily lost their ability to work, needy families of Red Army soldiers, for the maintenance of nurseries and orphans - all this in the amount of not more than 2% of gross output.

(This “Exemplary Charter” regulated the activities of collective farms. According to archival documents, in the 1930s and 1940s, after the state deliveries were made, most of them had no grain left even for the next sowing and payment of the collective farmers’ workdays.- "Story".)

From the resolution of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (AUCCTU) "On the improvement of state social insurance for employees", July 31, 1937.

1. Distribute old-age pensions to employees on the same basis as workers.

Attribute this Resolution to employees who stopped working after August 1, 1937 or continue to work.

After the adoption of the law “On allowances and pensions for members of collective farms”, their pensions from collective farms (pictured) became state, but the minimum amount of these payments was 2.5 times less than that of workers and employees

In the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the right of citizens to material security in old age, in case of disability and in case of illness is one of the achievements of the Great October Socialist Revolution and is enshrined in the Constitution of the USSR.

Pension provision is guaranteed by the socialist system created in the USSR, under which the exploitation of man by man, unemployment and uncertainty of the working people in the future have been forever destroyed. Pension provision in the Soviet state is carried out entirely at the expense of state and public funds.

The successes in the development of the socialist economy achieved by the Soviet people under the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union make it possible at the present time to carry out a further improvement in the provision of pensions...

Article 1. The following persons are entitled to a state pension:

a) workers and employees;

b) military personnel;

c) students of higher, secondary specialized educational institutions, colleges, schools and training courses;

d) other citizens, if they became disabled in connection with the performance of state or public duties;

e) family members of the citizens referred to in this article in case of loss of a breadwinner.

Article 2. State pensions under this Law are assigned:

a) due to old age;

b) due to disability;

c) on the occasion of the loss of a breadwinner.

Article 3. Citizens who are simultaneously entitled to various pensions are assigned one pension of their choice ...

Article 7 Pensions are not subject to taxation.

Article 8. Workers and employees have the right to an old-age pension:

men - upon reaching 60 years of age and with at least 25 years of work experience;

women - upon reaching the age of 55 and with at least 20 years of work experience.

Article 9

a) workers and employees in underground work, in work with harmful working conditions and in hot shops - according to the list of industries, shops, professions and positions approved by the Council of Ministers of the USSR:

men - upon reaching 50 years of age and with at least 20 years of work experience;

women - upon reaching the age of 45 and with at least 15 years of work experience;

b) workers and employees in other jobs with difficult working conditions - according to the list of industries, workshops, professions and positions approved by the Council of Ministers of the USSR:

men - upon reaching the age of 55 and with at least 25 years of work experience;

women - upon reaching 50 years of age and with at least 20 years of work experience.

A worker or employee is entitled to an old-age pension on favorable terms if at least half of the length of service necessary for the granting of this pension falls on the relevant work that gives the right to a pension on favorable terms (regardless of the place of the last job).

Article 13…

The minimum old-age pension is set at 300 rubles per month.

The maximum amount of the old-age pension is 1200 rubles per month.

Article 14 The following additions to old-age pensions are established:

a) for continuous work experience of more than 15 years or for the total length of service - for men who have worked for at least 35 years and for women who have worked for at least 30 years - 10 percent of the pension ...

The Soviet people, under the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, have achieved, especially in the last decade, enormous successes in communist construction, in the development of the country's productive forces, and have created a powerful, comprehensively developed economy. This enables the Soviet state to systematically improve the well-being of the people and more fully satisfy their growing needs.

There is now an opportunity to introduce a more sustainable social security system on collective farms through the establishment of old-age, disability, survivor's pensions and benefits for women members of collective farms for pregnancy and childbirth.

There should not be an egalitarian approach to providing collective farmers with pensions. The higher the labor productivity of collective farmers, the more the collective farm produces and sells to the state products per hectare of arable land, the higher its income and the level of contributions to the pension fund, the greater the pensions of collective farmers should be. Better provision should be given to those collective farmers who work well and make a greater contribution to social production.

The establishment of a state system of social security for the collective farmers will be an important new stimulus to a further rise in the labor activity of the collective-farm peasantry and to an increase in the production of agricultural products.

The amount of pensions provided for by this Law, in the future, as the national income grows, in particular the income of collective farms, will gradually rise to the level of state pensions assigned to workers and employees ...

Article 1 Collective farm members are entitled to old-age and disability pensions.

Disabled members of the families of deceased collective farmers, if they were dependent on them, are entitled to a survivor's pension ...

Article 6. Members of collective farms have the right to an old-age pension:

men - upon reaching the age of 65 and with at least 25 years of work experience;

women - upon reaching 60 years of age and with at least 20 years of work experience.

Article 8. Old-age pensions for members of collective farms are assigned in the amount of 50 percent of the earnings of 50 rubles a month and, in addition, 25 percent of the rest of the earnings.

The minimum old-age pension is set at 12 rubles per month (the minimum pension for other citizens of the USSR at that time was 30 rubles per month.- "Story").

The maximum amount of the old-age pension is set at 102 rubles per month, that is, at the level of the maximum amount of old-age pensions provided for by the Law on State Pensions for workers and employees permanently residing in rural areas and associated with agriculture ...

From the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the further improvement of pension provision" of September 26, 1967.

To reduce the age for members of collective farms that gives them the right to an old-age pension: for men from 65 to 60 years, for women from 60 to 55 years ...

Publication by Evgeny Zhirnov

At AVERAGE pension of a collective farmer under Brezhnev - 35 rubles.

Collected information on the size minimum and average pensions in the USSR on years.

This is the data medium pensions in GENERALLY in the USSR (urban and rural population).

Information on collective farm I didn’t find pensions in the USSR, but I found statistics on the value collective farm pensions for the RSFSR, but I think statistics throughout the USSR will not differ much from the RSFSR:

1965 - 12.5 rubles
1970 - 14.1 rubles
1980 - 34.8 rubles
1985 - 47.5 rubles
1989 - 75.1 rubles

As seen, average Soviet pension collective farmer in 1981 was less than 35 rubles.

By the way, this fully corresponds to the information that I heard in my childhood from the inhabitants of my grandfather's village (Mogilev region). The fact is that I was always very curious - what, where, how much, who gets how much, etc. With splayed ears, I always listened to the conversations of rural residents. Therefore, I perfectly remembered that pensions of 35 rubles were the norm in the early 80s. My grandfather had an awesomely high pension - 70 rubles, because he worked in the office of the collective farm and one of the THREE people on the entire collective farm received a salary in money, and not in workdays. And my grandmother and all the neighbors had pensions of 35-40 rubles each. It's just that until I came across these documents, it was inconvenient to refer to "one grandmother in the village said"

And here's how it went with minimum pension in the USSR (from the reference book above):

As can be seen from the table, in 1981 in the USSR there were about 32 million pensioners, quarter of which she received not an average, but minimum pension. Minimum pension collective farmer since 1981 has been 28 rubles, and before that 12 rubles. "City" minimum pensions were higher - respectively 50 and 40 rubles per month.

If your household plot exceeded a certain area, then you were paid less pensions. And if someone thinks that cultivating a garden at the age of 70 is a trifling matter, and pensions are not needed at all in the village, then let them go and try to live like this for at least a month (even healthy young ones).

The maximum size of the old-age pension on a general basis was 132 rubles.
Maximum pension on a collective farm was 102 rubles.

And here is a curious resolution of the Council of Ministers of the BSSR of 1979 "ON ADDITIONAL MEASURES TO WIDELY ATTRACT PENSIONERS TO WORK IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY" (in the USSR, this resolution was called the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR Decree of September 11, 1979 N 850 "On events on material incentives for the work of pensioners in the national economy"

In which it was proposed to persuade pensioners, instead of retiring, to continue working on the collective farm, but to receive 10 rubles allowance for each year worked after retirement, but the total amount of allowances should not exceed 40 rub.

In principle, an understandable and logical law ... In those days, the villages were almost empty, there was no one to work there.

According to the USSR population censuses, the percentage of rural residents decreased from 61 % in 1950 to 37 % in 1980, and at the time of the collapse of the USSR was 33% . There is one interesting thing here. "BUT". it only percentage of rural residents generally, because numerous rural and urban-type settlements (lumberjacks, miners, etc.) - this is also a rural area, but NOT collective farms. This means that the collective farm population was even smaller. That is, some fourth or fifth of the population tried to feed the whole country!

The proposed law, issued on 15.7.1964 for the first time in Soviet history establishes pensions for old age, disability and loss of a breadwinner for all collective farmers. Pension salaries were set significantly lower than those introduced for workers and employees (especially in the original version of the law, subsequent amendments slightly increased them). The law was in effect until the 1990s.

There is now an opportunity to introduce a more sustainable system of social security on collective farms through the establishment of old-age, disability, survivor's pensions and benefits for women members of collective farms for pregnancy and childbirth.

The Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics decides:

I. General provisions

Article 1 Collective farm members are entitled to old-age and disability pensions.

Disabled members of the families of deceased collective farmers, if they were dependent on them, are entitled to a survivor's pension.

Article 2. Women members of collective farms are entitled to benefits for pregnancy and childbirth.

Article 3. Collective farmers and members of their families who are simultaneously entitled to various pensions are assigned one pension of their choice.

Former members of collective farms and their families are granted pensions under this Law on the same basis as persons who are members of collective farms and their families..

Article 4. The payment of pensions and allowances in accordance with this Law shall be provided at the expense of the funds of collective farms and the state without any deductions from the income of members of collective farms.

Article 5 Pensions are not subject to taxation.

II. Pensions

Article 6. Members of collective farms have the right to an old-age pension:

men - upon reaching 60 years of age and with at least 25 years of work experience;

women - upon reaching the age of 55 and with at least 20 years of work experience;

invalids from among military personnel who became disabled due to injury, concussion or injury received in the defense of the USSR or in the performance of other duties military service, or due to a disease associated with being at the front: men - upon reaching 55 years of age and with at least 25 years of work experience; women - upon reaching 50 years of age and with at least 20 years of work experience;

members of collective farms who have worked in the regions of the Far North for at least 15 calendar years, and in areas equivalent to regions of the Far North - for at least 20 calendar years: men - upon reaching 55 years of age and with a work experience of at least 25 years; women - upon reaching the age of 50 and with at least 20 years of work experience.

Article 7. Women members of a collective farm who have given birth to five or more children and raised them up to the age of eight are entitled to an old-age pension upon reaching the age of 50 and with at least 15 years of work experience.

Article 8. Old-age pensions for members of collective farms are assigned in the amounts provided for in Article 13 of the USSR Law "On State Pensions" for workers and employees (except for those who worked underground, in jobs with harmful working conditions and in hot shops). At the same time, the increase in pensions provided for by part five of Article 13 of the USSR Law "On State Pensions" is not carried out.

The minimum old-age pension is set at 40 rubles per month, for pensions paid for at least 10 years - 50 rubles.

Article 9 Collective farm members have the right to a disability pension in the event of a disability of group I or II (regardless of the cause of disability), as well as disability of group III due to an industrial injury or occupational disease.

(as amended and supplemented by the Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces of September 26, 1967)

Article 10 Disability pensions due to work injury or occupational disease are awarded to members of collective farms, regardless of length of service.

Disability pensions due to a general illness or injury not related to work are assigned to members of collective farms if they have the following work experience by the time they apply for a pension:

│ Age │Work experience (in years)│

│ ├──────────┬──────────┤

│ │ men │ women │

│Up to age 20 │ 1 │ 1 │

│From 20 years old to 23 years old │ 2 │ 1 │

│From 23 years old to reaching 26 years old │ 3 │ 2 │

│From 26 years old to 31 years old │ 5 │ 3 │

│From 31 to age 36 │ 7 │ 5 │

│From 36 years old to 41 years old │ 10 │ 7 │

│From 41 years old to reaching 46 years old │ 12 │ 9 │

│From 46 years old to reaching 51 years old │ 14 │ 11 │

│From 51 years old to reaching 56 years old │ 16 │ 13 │

│From 56 years old to 61 years old │ 18 │ 14 │

│Over 61 years old │ 20 │ 15 │

Article 11

disabled people of group I in the amount of 110 percent, disabled people of group II - 100 percent of the old-age pension calculated in accordance with Article 8 of this Law as a percentage of earnings;

disabled persons of group III in the amounts provided for in Article 22 of the USSR Law "On State Pensions" for workers and employees (except for those who worked underground, in jobs with harmful working conditions, in hot shops and in other jobs with difficult working conditions).

The minimum amounts of disability pensions due to an industrial injury or occupational disease are established: for disability group I - 75 rubles; for group II - 40 rubles, for pensions paid for at least 10 years - 50 rubles; for group III - 21 rubles per month, for pensions paid for at least 10 years - 30 rubles per month.

Disability pensions due to a general illness are awarded to members of collective farms in the following amounts:

disabled people of group I in the amount of 100 percent, disabled people of group II - 90 percent of the old-age pension calculated in accordance with Article 8 of this Law as a percentage of earnings. At the same time, disabled persons of group II who have the length of service necessary for the appointment of an old-age pension are assigned a disability pension in the amount of an old-age pension.

The minimum amounts of disability pensions due to a general illness are established: for disability group I - 75 rubles; for group II - 40 rubles, for pensions paid for at least 10 years - 50 rubles per month.

The maximum amount of disability pensions is set at the level maximum dimensions disability pensions provided for by the USSR Law "On State Pensions" for workers and employees.

Disabled people of group I (regardless of the cause of disability) to the disability pension are provided with an allowance for caring for them in the amount and in the manner prescribed by the USSR Law "On State Pensions" for workers and employees.

Article 12. Disabled members of the family of a deceased collective farmer, who were dependent on him, have the right to a survivor's pension.

Disabled family members are:

1) children, brothers, sisters and grandchildren under 16 years old (students - 18 years old) or older than this age, if they became disabled of I or II group before reaching 16 years old (students - 18 years old); at the same time, brothers, sisters and grandchildren - provided that they do not have able-bodied parents;

2) father, mother, wife, husband, if they have reached the age: men - 60 years old, women - 55 years old, or are invalids of group I or II;

3) grandfather and grandmother, if they have reached the age of 60 and 55, respectively, or are invalids of group I or II, in the absence of persons who are required by law to support them.

The children and disabled parents of the deceased, who were not dependent on him, are entitled to a survivor's pension if they subsequently lost their source of livelihood.

Adoptive parents are entitled to a pension on an equal footing with their parents, and adopted children are entitled to a pension on an equal basis with their own children.

Article 13. Families of collective farmers who die as a result of an industrial injury or occupational disease are granted pensions regardless of the length of service of the breadwinner.

Families of collective farmers who die as a result of a general illness or injury not related to work are granted pensions if the breadwinner had the length of service that would be necessary for him to receive a disability pension.

Article 14. Families of collective farmers who died as a result of an industrial injury or occupational disease are granted pensions in the following amounts:

for three or more disabled family members in the amount of 110 percent, for two disabled family members - 100 percent of the old-age pension calculated in accordance with Article 8 of this Law as a percentage of the breadwinner's earnings;

per one disabled family member in the amount provided for in Article 33 of the USSR Law "On State Pensions" for families of workers and employees (except for those who worked underground, in jobs with harmful working conditions, in hot shops and in other jobs with difficult working conditions).

Families of collective farmers who died as a result of a general illness are entitled to pensions in the following amounts:

for three or more disabled family members in the amount of 100 percent, for two disabled family members - 90 percent of the old-age pension calculated in accordance with Article 8 of this Law as a percentage of the breadwinner's earnings;

per one disabled family member in the amount provided for in Article 34 of the USSR Law "On State Pensions" for families of workers and employees (except for those who worked underground, in jobs with harmful working conditions, in hot shops and in other jobs with difficult working conditions).

The minimum pensions are set: for three or more disabled family members - 75 rubles; for two disabled family members - 40 rubles, for pensions paid for at least 10 years - 50 rubles; for one disabled family member - 25 rubles, for pensions paid for at least 10 years - 28 rubles per month. At the same time, the survivor's pension, assigned under this Law, for children under 16 years of age (students of 18 years of age) cannot be less than 25 rubles per month per each child (within the established maximum pensions).

The maximum size of survivor's pensions is set at the level of the maximum size of survivor's pensions provided for by the USSR Law "On State Pensions" for families of workers and employees.

Article 15

1) work as a member of a collective farm;

2) work as a worker or employee, service in the Armed Forces of the USSR and stay in partisan detachments, as well as other periods subject to offset in the length of service when assigning pensions under the Law on State Pensions.

Article 16. Pensions are calculated from the average monthly actual earnings for work on a collective farm for any 5 years in a row (at the choice of the person applying for a pension) from the last 10 years before applying for a pension.

Members of collective farms who have worked on the collective farm for less than 5 years, and families of members of collective farms who have lost a breadwinner who has worked on the collective farm for less than 5 years, pensions are calculated from the average monthly actual earnings on the collective farm for the time worked.

Article 17 new size pensions based on this higher earnings.

III. Benefits to women members of collective farms for pregnancy and childbirth

Article 18. Women members of collective farms, regardless of length of service, have the right to receive benefits during maternity leave.

Maternity leave is granted for 56 calendar days before childbirth and 56 calendar days after childbirth, and in case of abnormal childbirth or the birth of two or more children - for 70 calendar days after childbirth.

Article 19. Benefits for pregnancy and childbirth for women members of collective farms are determined in the same manner and according to the same standards as the benefits established for female workers and female employees.

IV. Funds for the payment of pensions and benefits

Article 20. For the payment of pensions and allowances provided for by this Law, a centralized union fund for the social security of collective farmers is formed at the expense of deductions from the income of collective farms and annual appropriations from the State Budget of the USSR.

Article 21. Beginning in 1964, all collective farms make monetary contributions to the centralized union fund for the social security of collective farmers in amounts determined by the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

Funds subject to transfer to the centralized union fund for the social security of collective farmers are excluded from the income of collective farms when they are subject to income tax.

V. Final provisions

Article 22 Collective farms where the pensions paid to collective farmers exceed the amount of the pension established by this Law may maintain these pension amounts by making appropriate additional payments at the expense of the collective farm.

Article 23

1) Regulations on the procedure for assigning and paying pensions to members of collective farms;

2) Regulations on the procedure for assigning and paying benefits for pregnancy and childbirth to women members of collective farms;

3) Regulations on the centralized union fund for the social security of collective farmers.

In the Regulations on the procedure for assigning and paying pensions to members of collective farms, in particular, provide for the conditions for assigning pensions:

members of the collective farms of those republics and regions in which collective farms were created later than in other regions of the country;

members of collective farms who joined collective farms in the first years of collectivization, but due to old age or disability, stopped working on the collective farm, without having the length of service necessary for the appointment of a pension.

Rural pensioners are entitled to a pension supplement in the form of an increase in the fixed pension payment by 25% for the rural experience worked out. It should be noted that such an increase was provided for by law a long time ago, but due to the difficult economic situation in the country, this provision was suspended from 01/01/2017. And only from January 1, 2019, Law No. 350-FZ restored the operation of the article providing for work in rural areas.

It is worth noting that a 25% increase is due, but only to those citizens who have worked at least 30 years old in agriculture as prescribed and continue to live in rural areas during the period of receiving a pension.

However, it has already been submitted to the State Duma for consideration, providing for the appointment of such an additional payment, regardless of the actual place of residence.

25% pension supplement for agricultural workers

The pension legislation provides for an additional payment to the pension for work in agriculture for more than 30 years in the amount of 25% of the amount to the insurance pension. This allowance is not due to all rural pensioners, but only to those receiving insurance payments and having the necessary work experience in rural areas in accordance with the stipulated ones.

The implementation of such a pension supplement is provided for in part 14 of Art. 17 of Law No. 400-FZ of December 28, 2013 "About insurance pensions", but this article was suspended from January 1, 2017 due to the difficult economic situation. According to No. 350-FZ, the decision to “freeze” was canceled from January 1, 2019.

The amount of the surcharge in 2020

The allowance provided for rural pensioners is 25% of the fixed payment. In 2020, the amount of PV for the insurance pension is set at 5686.25 rubles, therefore:

for rural pensioners receiving payments for old age or disability groups I and II, insurance pension increases in 2020 for 1421.56 rubles.;
for disabled people of group III, the PV in 2020 to the disability pension is 2843.12 rubles, which means that the additional payment will be assigned in the amount of RUB 710.78
Recall that for disabled people of the 3rd group, the amount of a fixed payment to the disability insurance pension is determined as 50% of the base value (50% of 5686.25 rubles is 2843.12 rubles).

Photo pixabay.com

Which villagers will receive a pension supplement

An increase in pension by 25% of the amount of the fixed payment will be assigned automatically if the following conditions are met:

A citizen must work at least 30 calendar days in agriculture in the profession provided for by the list established by the Government, subject to mandatory payment.
Do not currently carry out work or other activities for which pension insurance contributions are paid (that is, in fact, only non-working rural pensioners are entitled to an additional payment).
Live in the countryside.

To increase the pension by 25% of the PV value, it is necessary that the pensioner has worked for 30 years in the position listed in the above Decree. For example:

agronomist, agrochemist, agrotechnician;
head of a peasant (farm) economy, chairman, director;
agricultural repairman machines, equipment;
veterinarian, paramedic, technician, orderly;
livestock specialist, etc.

The length of service is calculated in a calendar order for all periods of official employment in the prescribed professions. The length of service will also include periods of incapacity for work, paid holidays and periods of caring for a child up to 1.5 years (but not more than 6 years in total).

How to get a pension supplement for working in agriculture for more than 30 years

According to part 5 of Art. 10 of Law No. 350-FZ, the recalculation of the amount of payments and the assignment of the corresponding allowance will be made automatically. That is, the submission of an application by a pensioner is not required if the FIU has data on the presence of the necessary work experience in agriculture, as well as information that the citizen continues to live in rural areas.

If a Required documents are not available in the Pension Fund, then the pensioner will need to independently apply to the FIU with an application for recalculation of the amount of payments, providing all supporting documents.

If a citizen applied to the FIU with an application for recalculation before December 31, 2019, then the allowance will be assigned to him from January 1, 2019 (that is, they will also pay for the previous months).
If a pensioner submits an application to the Pension Fund after December 31, 2019, then the additional payment will be assigned from the 1st day of the month following the application (for example, if he applies in January 2020, then it will be assigned from 02/01/2020, etc. ).