Years of development of the Russian economy in the regime of a liberal system led to changes not only in economic terms, but also in the field of human capital. The de-ideologization of the country, the undermining of the value base, the reduction of state support for education and healthcare, have led to the fact that Russia has become a leader in terms of indicators reflecting the deterioration of the state of Russian society over the years of its sovereign development.

Here are just some of the Russian anti-records:

57th in Human Development Index

Between Romania (54th place) and Bulgaria (58th place). Top three - Norway, Australia, Switzerland. Belarus is ahead of Russia in this indicator (53rd place). And even Libya, in which there is an armed conflict, is located 2 lines higher (55th place).

129th in life expectancy

She is 68 years old across the country. It is noteworthy that in Iraq and Libya, where wars do not subside, people live longer than in Russia. Of the post-Soviet republics, in this parameter, Russia is ahead of all the Baltic republics, the Slavic republics (Belarus and Ukraine), the Transcaucasian republics (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia), Moldova and Uzbekistan. Life expectancy in Russia is at the level of developing countries, to be more precise, closer to the least developed countries.

1st place in the world in the number of abortions

According to this indicator, Russia is about two times ahead of Romania and Ukraine. In total, 1,012,400 abortions were recorded in Russia in 2013. The annual number of abortions in Russia exceeds 1 million.

1st place in the world in the number of divorces

According to a UN study for 2012, there are 4.5 divorces per thousand citizens of Russia, and in 2012, 644,000 marriages were terminated in the country. One of the main causes of divorce is alcoholism: 39% of men and 50% of women believe that alcohol abuse can destroy their marriage. The second place in this indicator is occupied by Belarus (39 thousand), where the divorce rate (the number of divorces per thousand population) is 4.1.

1st place in the world in terms of the number of orphans, abandoned children and children left without parental care

The total number of children who are classified by official statistics as “orphans and children left without parental care” in Russia as of January 1, 2014 is 630.7 thousand children. Of these: 123.8 thousand are children who have already been adopted (30% of them are transferred to the upbringing of foreign citizens); 396.8 thousand orphans are being raised in families under guardianship (guardianship), 107.8 thousand children are registered in the federal data bank on children left without parental care and need to be placed in a family.

The number of children left by their mothers at birth in 2013 was 5,757. In 2013, 46.7 thousand parents were deprived parental rights. The most common reason for abandonment of children and deprivation of maternal rights is alcoholism.

1st place in oncological diseases

In terms of cancer patients per capita, Russia is next to China. She is a leader in lung and stomach cancer. In 2013, more than 3 million people were registered for malignant neoplasms in Russia. Of these, more than 500 thousand new cases of the disease are registered annually. Russia is also one of the leaders in the number of deaths from cancer; more than 290 thousand people die from cancer in Russia every year.

1st place in the world in terms of the number of patients with mental illness (according to 2007)

If in the world about 15% need psychiatric care, then in Russia their number reaches 25%. Experts note that compared to the 1990s, the number of clients in psychiatric clinics in Russia has almost doubled. The number of people suffering from serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis and epilepsy has increased. And neurotic disorders and depression have acquired the status of mass.

4th in the world in the number of suicides among all ages

In 2012, in Russia, the number of suicides according to WHO was about 32 thousand cases, of which suicide among women was only 18% of cases. The top five world leaders in the absolute number of suicides were India, China, the USA, Russia and Japan. In 2013, the number of suicides in Russia, according to Rosstat, amounted to 28.8 thousand.

5th in the world for slavery

The Walk Free Foundation has compiled another ranking of countries in which slavery is common. The main forms of slavery are considered to be human trafficking, forced labor and forced marriages. According to the report, which covers 167 countries, 35.8 million slaves are currently exploited in the world, of which 1.049 million people are in Russia, which ranked 5th in the ranking after India, China, Pakistan and Uzbekistan. These five countries hold 61% of all the world's slaves.

1st place in heroin consumption (2009)

Russia ranks first among all countries in the world in terms of heroin consumption, accounting for 21% of all heroin produced in the world and 5% of all opium-containing drugs. Number of drug addicts in Russian Federation has increased tenfold over the past ten years.

3rd in absolute number of prisoners

Russia is in the top three states in terms of the number of prisoners, giving way to China and the United States. The number of prisoners in 2013 amounted to 677.3 thousand people. In terms of the number of prisoners per 100,000 people, Russia ranks 9th.

The statistics of Russian anti-records can be continued further. But the fact is obvious: there is a crisis in the value foundations of Russian society, a deterioration in the quality of human capital. And this is the result of a liberal experiment that continues to this day.

Due to the high mortality of the population (32nd place in the world in 2017), the problem of orphanhood in Russia does not lose its relevance. If earlier this was done by private individuals and religious organizations, then since the twenties of the XX century the state has taken full responsibility for the care of minors.

It must be understood that the article describes the most basic situations and does not take into account a number of technical issues. To solve your particular problem, get legal advice on housing issues by calling the hotlines:

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Statistics in Russia show that in three recent years, the number of orphans whose data is placed in the federal database has decreased from 87 to 71 thousand, according to the results of 2018, experts predict 57 thousand children left without parents. Skeptics appeal to a decrease in the total number of children, as such. Boarding schools are being reformed: non-viable ones are closed (30% of the total number), others are enlarged and receive more funding (20-25% depending on the region).

Who are orphans

The definition of orphans is given in the framework of guarantees for minors who have lost parental care, in particular, those who have lost one or both parents are recognized as such. Situations where all parents have died or the surviving parent cannot raise the child have received legal application.

A related concept is the category of persons whose parents are alive, but either have renounced education (actually or legally). There are no special differences between the categories, with the exception of the adoption procedure, when it is necessary to establish the mandatory consent of the biological parents.

Institutions for orphans operate in the following forms:

1. Health care systems, such as the orphanage. A structural feature is the maintenance of very young children (up to 3 years old), who require special care, including medical care.
2. Education systems. The structure includes orphanages-schools, boarding schools. Children not only live, but also receive a general education, occasionally a special secondary education.
3. social system, in particular in the case of disability and serious illnesses. This also includes temporary accommodation organizations.

The most common form is an orphanage, which can have the entire complex of residential, medical and educational institutions, less often correctional ones. Sometimes children study in a regular school, the rest of the time they are in the living quarters of the institution. Organizational issues are resolved on the basis of the regulations of the RONO (district department of education), regional laws. Employees of rehabilitation centers and guardianship authorities are involved in training and education.

Help for orphans in Russia

If it is impossible to exercise parental care, the authorities declare an expanded list of guarantees in Articles 6-10 of 159-FZ, in particular:

• simplified access to preparatory courses, including when entering a technical school;
• obtaining a second higher education without the need to pay tuition (some programs established by the Government);
• full state support for a person for the period of study at universities, including payment for food, education itself, housing, overhead costs, including post-boarding support;
• participation in adoption programs, such as the system known as federal database of orphans;
• a one-time allowance for the purchase of books and teaching supplies;
• accommodation in boarding schools during the holidays as a guest;
• one-time purchase of clothes, shoes at the expense of the boarding school;
• academic leave at the university is paid if its appointment was due to medical reasons;
• free transportation to the place of study and back;
• free medical services at the level of VHI policies (including expensive surgeries and medicines);
• state vouchers for medical rest;
• provision of housing to orphans out of turn, if the premises intended for them from their parents cannot be transferred (parents are deprived of their rights), in other periods, rent is carried out at the expense of the budget. Installed preferential payment utilities;
• judicial protection through a special procedure for considering cases, with the involvement of territorial guardianship authorities;
• guaranteed employment, including with the provided career guidance.

The implementation of rights is controlled by the Prosecutor's Office, therefore, any infringement of orphans may result in criminal liability.

Database of orphans

The state system is a monopoly, granting part of the rights to collaborating systems, volunteers and foundations, in particular, access to its own database and the implementation of other opportunities that are not taken into account in the state system. This is how the fund went. "Change one life" video passports of orphans in which are collected from all over Russia. This activity does not contradict the law on the prohibition of mediation, since all legal procedures go through the guardianship authorities, and the funds only inform citizens, advertise the concepts of foster families and adoption.

Adoption/adoption of orphans

The adoption procedure is regulated by the Family Code (), is the most common form of free (without regular payments) return of children to families ( 64% ). The law establishes the requirements for persons wishing to act as an adoptive parent:

1. A sufficient level of moral qualities, including a positive characteristic in society, in the workplace.
2. A financial situation that allows you to support a child, but does not infringe on the rights of your own children.
3. Housing position.
4. Adulthood (only after 18 years) and legal capacity.
5. Physical and mental health, including sufficient age (optimal at least 16 years difference, but not more than retirement age).
6. Absence of alcoholism and drug addiction.
7. If available, a positive experience of raising their own children (no parental rights are allowed), no previous unsuccessful adoptions and establishment of guardianship.

Adoption under the new law is not available to foreigners whose countries allow same-sex marriage, as well as US citizens (since 2013). Adoption by foreigners is established only in cases where there are no opportunities for raising a child in Russia (for example, in case of serious illnesses).

Step-by-step instruction:

1. Submission of documents to the guardianship authorities.
2. Acquaintance with children (in absentia may be even before the submission of documents).
3. Consideration of the case in court with the involvement of guardianship and the prosecutor.
4. Transfer and the child to the family.

To apply for an adoption, you must provide:

• application (including to the court). View and download here: ;
• conclusion of guardianship;
• medical certificate of medical examination;
• marriage document: ;
• certificate of employment and 2NDFL;
• autobiography.

guardianship and guardianship

Guardianship and trusteeship are established as an alternative (often paid, under an agreement on) the adoption procedure, in cases where citizens do not want to receive full rights and obligations in relation to an orphan. Alimony and inheritance rights in the relationship between the educator and the educated person are not established.

The priority right to become a guardian is transferred to the relatives of the child, less often to third parties.

You can become a guardian:

1. Capable, mentally and physically fit persons who have reached the age of majority.
2. Possessing a sufficient level of security with money and housing.
3. Determined as suitable for the child.
4. Able to educate and educate a minor, motivate him to development.
5. Not suffering from alcoholism (not using drugs).
6. No criminal record.

Guardians are given a sufficient list of rights and benefits to be able to raise a child and defend his rights in court. The guardian owns the property of the child, protects his safety, life and health, while obtaining parental rights (the ability to educate, communicate, live together).

Conclusion

The state is making efforts to reduce the social gap between children in families and orphans by implementing a set of measures, often in conjunction with foundations, including reducing adaptation problems and increasing socialization. The fundamental law is Family code, but some of the rules are established by additional guarantees in federal law:

1. Large-scale measures of psychological and pedagogical support, including educational, medical and social spheres.
2. Permissibility of participation of non-profit organizations such as database of orphans "Children are waiting", to use the data of federal systems.
3. The existence of various arrangements for placing orphans in families, including adoption, guardianship or foster families.
4. A large number of state institutions for the support, assistance and maintenance of children.

The most popular question and answer on orphans

Question: I am an orphan and plan to enter a higher educational institution after finishing school. What forms of study can I choose? Can I study by correspondence or at a paid department, but for free? What guarantees will the state give me? Anton.

Answer: Anton, persons with the status of orphans, in many life situations, have the right to use free public services, as well as education in institutions that have the appropriate license. Attention should be paid to 159-FZ, which establishes additional guarantees for orphans, including after the end of permanent residence in a boarding house.

According to the legislation, the only criterion for the availability of education for orphans is the successful passing of entrance exams. All further education, including accommodation, meals, medical care and tuition fees at a higher (or secondary specialized) educational institution, is carried out by the state at its own expense (Article 6 159-FZ). A similar right is given to training in preparatory programs for admission, other educational activities. The form of education does not matter.

If you need to vacate the hostel for the summer holidays educational institution housing will be provided as part of the boarding school. Moreover, upon reaching the age of 18, housing issues will disappear altogether - orphans are provided with housing on an extraordinary basis.

List of laws

Sample applications and forms

You will need the following sample documents.

02/08/2019 The Ministry of Education will submit a draft law on changing the procedure for the adoption of minors to the Government .

On February 8, the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation held hearings on the draft law "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on the Protection of Children's Rights." The event was attended by Deputy Minister of Education of the Russian Federation T. Yu. Sinyugina.

During her speech, T. Yu. Sinyugina said that the department was ready to submit a bill on changing the procedure for the adoption of minors to the Government.

Over the course of six months, we met several times. And the reason for our meetings was an interested and indifferent conversation and work on the bill, which today is already ready for us to submit it to the Government, - said T. Yu. Sinyugina.

For reference

In December 2018, members of the Interdepartmental Working Group under the Ministry of Education of Russia prepared a draft law “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on the Protection of Children’s Rights”. The bill was posted on the federal portal of draft regulations for wide public discussion.

The draft law contains new approaches to the transfer of orphans for upbringing in families, which will allow developing the institution of guardianship, improving the conditions for training people who want to take an orphan child into their family.

For the first time, the draft law proposes to introduce the concept of "escort" into federal legislation. It is planned that this authority will be vested in authorized regional authorities and organizations, including NGOs.

Special attention in the document is paid specifically to the adoption procedure, there is added a provision on the procedure for the restoration of adoptive parents in the duties of parents, if they were previously deprived of such an opportunity.

Grisha is Sakhaya Ivanova's fourth child. When the baby was four months old, it turned out that he was seriously ill. It was not possible to make a diagnosis at the place of residence in Yakutsk. But he was sent to Moscow to the world-famous Dima Rogachev Center for Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology.

As previously reported (see), a report was published on the inspection of the activities of federal and regional executive authorities of the Russian Federation in the implementation of the Orphan Children program. We present the most important, in our opinion, information from this document.
The number of children left without parental care is growing: if in 1994 there were 496.3 thousand of them, then as of January 1, 2003 - 867.8 thousand. At the same time, only 10% of them became orphans due to the death or disability of their parents, the rest - social orphans.
The main reason for this is the difficult situation in families. The number of parents leading an asocial lifestyle is increasing every year. In 2003 alone, 32,600 parents were deprived of parental rights, more than 168,800 parents were brought to administrative responsibility, and 9,000 criminal cases were initiated against parents.
More than 120,000 children are identified annually, who wander, become involved in the use of alcoholic beverages and drugs, and become participants in crimes. In 2003, 145.5 thousand minors were prosecuted, of which 50.9% study at school or colleges. There are 362.4 thousand teenagers registered with the internal affairs bodies, of which 6.3 thousand cannot read and write.
Guardianship is not always established over children who find themselves without parental care. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, in 2003, 5,200 children deprived of parental care and registered with the police did not have guardians, and therefore they were forced to live in an extremely disadvantaged environment.
The situation is aggravated by the deplorable financial situation of many families. According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, 17 million children, or 56%, are brought up in families where income per person is below the regional subsistence level.
About 18% of local governments do not have specialists in the protection of children's rights, in 32% of them the ratio of the number of these specialists to the number of children is not observed. In the Amur region, only 1 specialist is provided for 9 thousand children in the Ivanovsky district, while the district includes 33 settlements located from the district center at a distance of 7 to 60 km, and in the Zeya district the distances are from 4 to 370 km. In the city of Kineshma, Ivanovo region, only 2 specialists are provided for 19.1 thousand children, in the Republic of Mordovia there are 30 workers for 200.5 thousand children, with the standard of 40 people.
During the audit, it was concluded that it was necessary to create a service consisting of lawyers, teachers, psychologists authorized through the system of foster care to arrange orphans in a family. Ten years of experience orphanage No. 19 of Moscow showed the effectiveness of such work - it is possible to place the bulk of the orphans identified in the city in families, reduce the number of children in boarding schools and thereby save 35% of the funds allocated for their maintenance.
Every fifth child in Russia left without parental care lives in a boarding school. At the beginning of 2003, there were 2740 schools and colleges for orphans in the country, many of which are overcrowded: they contain more than 270 thousand children. Totally agree last year the number of children in them increased by 36,000.
In 2003, 340.1 million rubles were allocated for the construction and repair of boarding schools, i.е. 88% of the funds allocated from the budget for the program "Orphans". However, none of the 15 facilities scheduled for commissioning last year was ready. Despite this, for 2004 the program additionally included 7 facilities with a funding volume of 30 million rubles, and the balance of the estimated cost as of 01.01.2004 was 64.3 million rubles. The regions financed the construction of new boarding schools on average by only 21%. At the same time, 28 regions did not allocate funds at all (Belgorod, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kursk, Tver, Pskov, Volgograd, Kirov regions and others).
Many orphans are not placed in orphanages within the period stipulated by law due to lack of places. Children for a long time (sometimes 4-6 years) live in shelters designed for temporary stay. Thus, out of 456 children in the shelters of the Amur region, every second lives there for more than six months, and 4 children for more than 5 years.
More than 40% of boarding school buildings require major repairs, 2.7% are in disrepair, 4.8% do not have central heating, and 5.6% do not have sewage systems.
Due to chronic underfunding, pupils of many boarding schools do not receive new clothes and shoes, toys, and literature on time. Less than 50% required Money was allocated to the Bezhetsk boarding school in the Tver region for the purchase of clothing, household goods and medicines. In the Kurtamysh Specialized Children's Home in the Kurgan region, children are provided with demi-season coats only by 48%, and other clothes - by 40%.
Insufficient funding does not allow for adequate nutrition. With the Russian average food allowance per child per day of 65.5 rubles in the Ivanovo region, it was 53.2 rubles, and the actual cost of food in a number of areas was even lower. So, in the Ivanovo correctional orphanage - an average of 39.4 rubles is spent on food for a child, in the Chernetsk correctional boarding school - 47.34 rubles, in the Shuisky orphanage- 25.14 rubles. In the shelter "Nadezhda" in the Kemerovo region, the diet of the pupils did not include cottage cheese, cheese, sour cream, the children received juice and apples only twice a year. In a correctional boarding school in the Velikoustyugsky district of the Vologda region, children were fed with low-quality products.
According to the All-Russian clinical examination, only 15.2% of children in orphanages are recognized as healthy, in orphanages - 22.5%, in orphanages - boarding schools - 13.8% of children. In 30 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the death rate of children in orphanages exceeds the national average. The number of disabled children living in boarding schools is increasing, but their rehabilitation is usually limited to physiotherapy and medical care.
Many schools for orphans do not meet the requirements fire safety. In Moscow, these rules are not respected in 22 orphanages. Based on the results of the inspection, the heads of 12 orphanages were given orders to eliminate shortcomings, eight people were brought to administrative responsibility. Similar violations were found in many institutions of the republics of Tatarstan and Mordovia, Amur, Arkhangelsk, Ryazan, Samara, Tver, Ulyanovsk regions and others.
Part of the equipment purchased under the program for boarding schools is not used. The class of labor rehabilitation and vocational training in car manufacturing, delivered to the Otyasskaya correctional boarding school in the Ivanovo region, worth 67.9 thousand rubles, is in the warehouse in a packaged form due to the lack of the necessary premises. In the orphanage number 15 with. Konstantinovka, Amur Region, the class of labor rehabilitation and vocational training in hairdressing, costing 94.7 thousand rubles, is not used due to the absence of a specialist.
Currently, about 14,000 orphans are in need of housing. Graduates who were not given apartments on time continue to live in boarding schools or become persons without a fixed place of residence. Particularly acute is the problem of allocation of living space in the villages. The most unfavorable situation has developed in the Republic of Kalmykia, Kemerovo, Kursk, Saratov, Novosibirsk, Ivanovo regions. In the next two years, the number of orphanage graduates who have no housing will increase by 13,000 people. For example, in the Republic of Khakassia, graduates of 1989 are on the waiting list for housing, and in the Oryol region - 1997.
Every year, about 40% of newly identified orphans are placed under guardianship or guardianship. At the same time, on the ground foster families do not always receive the funds allocated for foster children in full. In the Ivanovo region for 2003, the guardian's allowance was set at 1,000 rubles, but the heads of city and district administrations deliberately reduced its size. In rural areas of the Udmurt Republic, the established allowances for children under guardianship averaged from 700 to 1,000 rubles per month, with the national average being 1,600 rubles. Over the past three years, employees of the prosecutor's office of the Amur region in defense of the rights of children under guardianship sent 1025 applications to the courts of the region in connection with the underestimation of the amount of benefits by a total of 7 million rubles. In the Republic of Ingushetia, the arrears in payment of guardianship allowances in 2003 amounted to 36 million rubles, in the Republic of Karelia - 8.4 million rubles.