What is the name of the ultrasound to determine pregnancy. Ultrasound examination (ultrasound) during pregnancy Designation of the main abbreviation when decoding
Ultrasound during pregnancy is a mandatory type of medical examination that allows you to monitor the intrauterine development of the fetus. With the help of ultrasound diagnostics, it is possible to detect gross malformations at an early stage, monitor the growth of the embryo, and monitor its life. This type of examination is one of the favorites of expectant mothers - ultrasound does not cause any discomfort to a woman, moreover, in the process of diagnosis, you can see your baby long before he is born.
At what time during pregnancy do planned ultrasounds?
- 12-14 weeks;
- 20-22 weeks;
- 32-34 weeks.
These intervals are considered optimal for dynamic monitoring of the state of the embryo. At her own request, the expectant mother can do an additional ultrasound examination. Sometimes it is better to visit a sonographer in a paid clinic. This type of service is relevant in the following situations:
- To determine pregnancy from the first days of delay. A fertilized fetal egg attached to the wall of the uterus can be seen at the 5th obstetric week, or 21 days after the intended conception.
- To monitor the heartbeat in case of anxiety future mother.
- To determine the sex of the child. Already at 16-17 weeks, the doctor can determine the sex of the baby by the formed genitals.
An additional ultrasound is performed if intrauterine fetal malformations are suspected. In this case, the number of visits to the ultrasound doctor can reach more than 10 times during the entire pregnancy.
What is looked at on an ultrasound examination, what are the norms of indicators?
Ultrasound diagnostics is by no means entertaining. With the help of a special apparatus - an echograph - the doctor evaluates the location of the embryo to exclude ectopic pregnancy. It is during the passage of ultrasound during pregnancy that the number of embryos in the uterine cavity, the viability of the fetus (by the presence of heart contractions) are detected, and the compliance of the development of the embryo with the gestational age is also assessed.
In the early stages
At 11-14 obstetric weeks (optimally - 12 weeks), the first mandatory screening ultrasound is performed to detect Down syndrome and other gross malformations of the fetus. In the early stages (less than 10 weeks), doctors do not advise exposing the embryo to ultrasound without good reason.
At the first scheduled visit, 3 most important indicators from a medical point of view are evaluated:
- KTP - coccygeal-parietal size, or the length of the body of the embryo. Its value should correspond to the norm for the current gestational age (see table).
- TVP - the thickness of the collar space (the amount of fluid that accumulates in the skin fold of the fetus).
- BDP - the size of the head of the embryo from one parietal bone to another.
If one or more indicators deviate from the norm, the patient is assigned additional examinations to confirm the presence of fetal chromosomal abnormalities. In exceptional cases, it may be necessary to puncture the umbilical cord to examine the placenta.
The table shows the optimal values \u200b\u200bof the size of the CTE, depending on the gestational age:
In the 2nd trimester
During the second planned ultrasound, the expectant mother can find out the sex of the child (for more details, see the article: when does the sex of the child become visible on the ultrasound?). During this period, it is much more interesting to undergo an examination - you can see a formed little person with arms and legs, follow his movements, see how the baby yawns or sucks his thumb.
For a doctor, the second screening is a responsible procedure. During its implementation, the doctor fixes the mandatory indicators - the length of the thigh, the circumference of the head and abdomen, the size from the coccyx to the crown of the head. Expanded fetometry allows you to assess the compliance of the size of the fetus with the obstetric period and exclude developmental delays.
The second screening examination also allows you to track:
- amount amniotic fluid- to detect polyhydramnios;
- thickness and location of the placenta;
- the degree of closure of the cervix - opening the cervix earlier due date requires urgent action to prevent spontaneous miscarriage;
- umbilical cord entanglement - double or triple entanglement is dangerous in the last weeks of pregnancy due to possible hypoxia during delivery.
In the 3rd trimester
The third obligatory ultrasound of the fetus is done at a period of 32-34 obstetric weeks. These studies allow you to determine the development of the fetus, the presence of breech presentation (when the baby lies head up) and the location of the placenta. After the third ultrasound, the doctor decides on the tactics of childbirth - natural or by caesarean section.
Additional parameters that are important to see on the 3rd ultrasound:
- fetometry - indicators normal development the child, which includes the length of the arms and legs, the volume of the chest, abdomen and head, the weight and height of the fetus;
- location and structure of organs - liver, kidneys, heart, stomach, spleen;
- the activity of the fetus in the state of sleep and wakefulness;
- determination of the planned date of birth.
At 32-34 weeks, the baby's gender is clearly visible. If the child does not cross his legs, future parents will finally be able to find out if they have a son or daughter to raise in the near future.
Preparation for ultrasound at different stages of pregnancy
In order for the process of undergoing an ultrasound scan to be as complete and informative as possible, a pregnant woman should carefully prepare for the procedure. The gynecologist, directing the patient to the sonographer's office, tells about all the features of the procedure, in particular, what, when and how much you can eat and drink before the diagnosis.
There are foods that can cause flatulence and excessive accumulation of gases in the intestines. These products include:
- peas and other legumes;
- milk;
- fresh fruits and vegetables;
- black bread;
- protein food.
These products must be excluded from the diet 2-3 days before the date of the ultrasound. Excessive gas formation and bloating make it difficult to conduct a study, resulting in poor visualization.
If the patient regularly suffers from constipation, flatulence and colic, it is advisable to drink 2 tablets of Espumizan 1 day before the procedure and on the day of admission. It is advisable to replace all types of drinks with clean still water.
In the first months after conception, ultrasound is performed intravaginally (by inserting a probe into the vagina). Before taking, you should empty your bladder to avoid discomfort during the examination.
For the second and third ultrasounds, it is advisable to bring pictures and the results of previous diagnostics with you. This will allow the doctor to assess the dynamics of the development of the fetus, identify possible defects in time and take the necessary measures.
Types of ultrasound during childbearing and features of the conduct
- Mandatory screening ultrasound of the fetus at a certain time. They are carried out three times during pregnancy. They allow to determine chromosomal abnormalities in the development of the fetus (Down's Syndrome, etc.), the sex of the child, size and location internal organs, the location of the fetus in the uterus and the amount of amniotic fluid.
- Additional (selective) ultrasound. Conducted at the request of a woman an unlimited number of times in order to determine the sex or the presence of a fetal heartbeat.
- 3D ultrasound is a type of examination in which the expectant mother can see a three-dimensional image of the baby on the monitor screen, similar to a photograph. This type of diagnosis does not allow to determine malformations, but it can “show” to a pregnant woman the facial features of her child.
- 4D ultrasound - similar to the previous method, but allows you to capture the movements of the baby in dynamics. This type of diagnostic is often referred to as "burning a movie to disk". The kid waves his hand, smiles, yawns - these and other touching moments can be captured in memory by 4D ultrasound.
- Dopplerography, or Doppler study. Shows the blood flow of the fetal vessels.
- KTG. It is performed from the 32nd week of pregnancy every week until delivery. The study evaluates the heart rate of the fetus, as well as the tone of the uterus.
What is dopplerography, why is it performed?
Dopplerometry - what is it, and how long should it take? With the help of Doppler ultrasound (USDG during pregnancy), it is possible to assess the condition of the moving organs of the fetus, in particular, to examine the blood flow. The blood contains many cells (leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets) that are constantly in motion, transferring blood from the heart to organs and tissues. With the help of dopplerometry, the state of the placental-uterine blood flow, the functioning cardiovascular systems s fetus and blood supply to vital organs.
How many times do you need to undergo dopplerometry? It all depends on the specific situation. Dopplerography during pregnancy is prescribed to patients from 30-32 weeks of pregnancy. Without fail, a doppler for the fetus is prescribed for suspected malformations of the circulatory and cardiovascular systems of the child, with intrauterine growth retardation, and also if the expectant mother suffers from diabetes or has problems with the heart and blood vessels.
Dopplerography does not require special preparation. During Doppler ultrasound, the patient does not experience pain or other discomfort.
If the expectant mother has no time to go to the clinic for an ultrasound scan, she can purchase a home fetal doppler. This is a device that allows you to evaluate the baby's heartbeat at home at any month of pregnancy. The fetal apparatus does not replace a full-fledged ultrasound. Usually used at 6-9 months of pregnancy.
In what cases is an additional ultrasound prescribed for pregnant women?
Long-term medical studies of the effects of echolocation on the fetal body have led to the conclusion that ultrasound during pregnancy does not harm either the child or the mother. You can do the examination as often as the pregnant woman considers it necessary. In the first months after conception, it is not recommended to abuse the procedure, since ultrasound is performed by the intravaginal method.
In some cases, additional examinations using an ultrasound machine are made mandatory. Such cases include:
- ovarian cysts;
- polyps in the uterus;
- chronic infectious and inflammatory diseases of the endometrium;
- multiple pregnancy;
- identified fetal hypoxia;
- bleeding or other discharge from the genital tract;
- patient complaints of pain in the lower abdomen;
- no movement on later dates pregnancy;
- low placenta previa;
- pregnancy after caesarean section - to control the healing of the suture.
Ultrasound during pregnancy is the most common, informative and mandatory procedure that allows you to assess the intrauterine development of the fetus and the condition of the female organs. It is performed by a non-invasive method, which means the complete absence of any mechanical effect on the organs and tissues of the body of a pregnant woman. An ultrasound sensor is applied to the belly of the expectant mother, and the doctor receives information about whether the parameters of its structure and development correspond to normal parameters.
When should you do an ultrasound for pregnant women?
Unfortunately, not all women get pregnant easily and calmly. Often there are cases when painful sensations or a suspicious type of discharge with blood clots appear. Such symptoms indicate that the health and life of the child is in danger, and the gynecologist urgently sends the mother for an ultrasound examination. It makes it possible to conduct an accurate diagnosis, identifying the causes and consequences of the pathology. This is very important for proper treatment.
In the normal course of pregnancy, if the expectant mother is not bothered by anything, and the doctor is satisfied with the results of her tests, the woman is prescribed a planned ultrasound. When should an ultrasound be done?
Ultrasound in early pregnancy
Ultrasound during pregnancy in the early stages, starting from 4 weeks, is prescribed if it is necessary to confirm conception. Especially in those patients who have had abortions in the past. Of course, the main ways to know whether it was possible to conceive a child are a pharmacy test and a blood test for hCG. However, the methods are ineffective in terms of determining whether the fetal egg is fixed in the right place, whether there is a possibility of an ectopic pregnancy.
Ultrasound provides comprehensive information:
- confirmation of pregnancy;
- about the area of fixation of the fetal egg - in the uterine cavity or outside it;
First trimester (10-14 weeks)
Ultrasound screening allows doctors to determine the approximate period of conception, but more accurate information appears only after a routine ultrasound examination in the first trimester. It is performed by the transvaginal method, given the small size of the uterus, however, in some cases, the diagnostician may choose to examine through the abdominal wall.
Ultrasound examination during pregnancy at 10-14 weeks allows you to find out:
- gestational age to calculate the expected date of birth;
- the number of embryos;
- the presence of a heartbeat (heard from the 5th week);
- the presence of chromosomal abnormalities according to the results of measuring the size of the collar space and nasal bones.
The baby’s internal organs are not yet fully formed, however, focusing on the established developmental standards, the doctor will be able to accurately determine whether the child’s indicators correspond to them. In addition, the children's place is clearly visible.
The specialist will check if there is a placental abruption. If he detects a pathology, he will record it in conclusion so that the gynecologist can prescribe an effective treatment.
Second trimester (20-24 weeks)
The second planned ultrasound during pregnancy is sent between 20 and 24 weeks, when the sixth month of gestation is underway. The child has grown noticeably, he has already formed all the vital internal organs, so the doctor of ultrasound diagnostics checks his anatomical structure. In addition, congenital malformations can now be detected with a high degree of probability if there is a suspicion.
Ultrasound in the second trimester is expected by most parents, because it is in its process that the doctor can name the sex of the child. Modern equipment helps to find out for a period of 20-24 weeks whether a boy or a girl is in the womb, the probability of error is minimal
The second planned ultrasound makes it possible to study the placenta. The doctor evaluates its thickness, maturity, as well as its location and degree of presentation, all these indicators affect the health of the baby. As a result, a conclusion will be made about the condition of the cervix, as well as whether there is an entanglement of the umbilical cord around the fetus. It is worth saying that even if there is an entanglement, doctors do not consider it critical. It is alarming if the umbilical cord wraps around the neck of the fetus in the last weeks before childbirth.
Third trimester (32-34 weeks)
When an ultrasound is done in the third trimester, the woman is already in her eighth month. Its importance is determined by the ability to detect fetal growth retardation syndrome or late-detecting congenital anomalies. The doctor may prescribe therapy that, before childbirth, will help improve the condition of the baby and mother.
In addition to all this, on ultrasound you can see:
- the position of the baby (head down or up), which affects what kind of birth is coming - naturally or by caesarean section;
- fetal growth indicators;
- motor activity (too frequent movements, as well as too rare and lethargic movements, can be a sign of malaise);
- condition of internal organs;
- the speed and direction of blood flow in the vessels of the uterus, umbilical cord and the fetus itself (such a study is called dopplerography);
- the maturity of the placenta (the normal supply of oxygen to the fetus depends on this).
Types of ultrasound
Ultrasound during pregnancy is carried out in two ways: transvaginally (with the introduction of a sensor into the vagina) and transabdominally (through the abdominal wall). In addition, they differ in their purpose.
Fetometry.
Determined exact date pregnancy, as well as biparental and coccyx-parietal dimensions, thigh length, head circumference, abdomen, chest.
Screening ultrasound.
This is a planned procedure carried out in certain weeks of each trimester.
Dopplerography.
Doppler study of blood flow is prescribed by a gynecologist if indicated.
Depending on how the data on the intrauterine life of the fetus is displayed on the monitor, ultrasound is divided into 2D, 3D and 4D.
2D
Two-dimensional ultrasound is a screening study that is carried out three times during the entire period of bearing a child. They are mandatory for all expectant mothers without exception. The service is free in the direction of a gynecologist.
Ultrasound in 2D format is also called a height and width study. The doctor, together with the parents, sees a black-and-white picture on the monitor. To many moms and dads, she doesn’t talk about anything at all. Decoding is only possible for a doctor of ultrasound diagnostics. He receives valuable information about the size of the fetus, the developmental parameters of its internal organs and body parts. This is enough to conclude whether the pregnancy is proceeding well, whether there are congenital anomalies, whether the child is in any danger.
3D
Three-dimensional ultrasound during pregnancy gives a three-dimensional picture due to the fact that the study is carried out in three dimensions - in addition to width and height, depth appears. It is believed that this type of ultrasound is most often used not for the purpose of diagnosis, but to take a photo of the child for impatient parents who want to see his face. This may be true, but something else has also been proven: a 3D study, which gives a clearer and more voluminous display, helps to see many deviations.
It is best to have a 3D ultrasound during your second trimester screening. Image quality depends on factors such as the size of the fetus and the amount and quality of amniotic fluid. The study is conducted on a paid basis in perinatal centers and medical clinics.
4D
4D ultrasound includes four dimensions - width, height, depth and time. The essence of this method is that a video is displayed on the screen, which shows the motor activity of the baby in real time. In the process of such research, mom and dad will be able not only to see how he looks, but also to watch his movements. Moreover, the recording of the study will be made to disk and transferred happy parents. The 4D research service is paid.
Four-dimensional ultrasound, like three-dimensional, is not recommended before the 20th and after the 28th week. Between these periods, you can get a high-quality image and accurate information about the condition of the fetus.
Additional Research
When asked how many times during the entire period of bearing a child, a woman will have to go through an ultrasound procedure, it is very difficult to answer. It all depends on the state of health and age of the expectant mother, on whether she had a bad experience in bearing a child. In addition, if a pregnant woman has complaints about her health, the doctor prescribes additional ultrasound examinations.
Each trimester has its own indications for the appointment of an unscheduled ultrasound.
In the first three months of pregnancy, spotting and abdominal pain can lead to it. The doctor sends for an ultrasound to find out the cause and understand if there is a missed or ectopic pregnancy.
In the second and third trimesters, an ultrasound examination is indicated for multiple pregnancies, detection of deviations in the development and size of the fetus, violation motor activity, the presence of an infectious disease or placenta previa in the mother, leakage of amniotic fluid, etc. In the later stages, a good reason may be the suspicion of breech presentation child. Once confirmed, doctors will perform a caesarean section to reduce the risk of injury to the baby.
Is ultrasound diagnostics harmful for a child or mother?
Until now, there is no unambiguous opinion about whether ultrasound is harmful during pregnancy. Someone believes that the method does not carry any danger. However, most gynecologists believe that God protects the safe, which means that the procedure should not be prescribed without good reasons. That is why the Ministry of Health has set clear deadlines from which it is not recommended to deviate. Parents need to remember that ultrasound is not performed for the sake of curiosity, but for the timely diagnosis of development, which will help the baby be born healthy.
ultrasound during pregnancy
This section presents a series of articles that cover the entire necessary information. There are articles here that relate not only to determining the sex of the unborn baby, in what ways this can be done, but also what kind of research is generally being carried out during such an important period in women's lives. If you are wondering when an ultrasound is performed and what it shows, then you are in this section. Research during pregnancy must be planned and not abandoned, as it is completely harmless and safe. Ultrasound helps to identify pathologies in the early stages of pregnancy and, if necessary, either provide assistance or terminate the pregnancy.
Ultrasound in late pregnancy is equally important. Also, in parallel with ultrasound during pregnancy, other examinations are carried out, such as:
- ECHO KG fetus
- Biochemical screening
- Cervicometry
- Screening
- Doppler
You can also find out why ultrasound can be wrong with determining the sex of the child and what can affect this. This section also provides information on survey standards.
If you are just planning a pregnancy, then you need to read a number of articles about the corpus luteum, which present detailed information what it is, what is its role and what pathologies of the corpus luteum exist. If you still have any questions, please consult your OB/GYN.
The corpus luteum is considered an integral and important element so that a woman can become pregnant and bear a child in the first weeks of pregnancy. To determine its presence and size, it is necessary to undergo an ultrasound examination. An ultrasound examination is prescribed only after a preliminary consultation with a gynecologist and if there are indications. The size of the corpus luteum As for the size of this temporary gland, they can ...
Ultrasound examination during pregnancy is a mandatory procedure, which is carried out as planned in each trimester and corresponds to its term. An ultrasound examination helps to determine the pathologies and the correct development of the fetus at different stages of pregnancy. Most mothers are concerned about the question of whether it is possible to determine the sex of the child ahead of schedule and whether ultrasound can make a mistake in determining. It is worth saying that...
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During pregnancy, women need to undergo a lot of examinations and take tests in order to observe how the fetus develops, as well as to detect pathology in a timely manner and begin treatment. Most pregnant women are interested in whether certain studies, including biochemical screening, pose a danger. In this article we will try to understand the issue related to biochemistry. What...
Expectant mothers usually look forward to an ultrasound, hoping to see the first image of their baby on the machine's screen. But getting this picture, which is definitely important to them, is not the main reason for having an ultrasound scan.
The main purpose of early ultrasound is to obtain the information necessary to determine the condition of the embryo and prevent possible pathology of pregnancy.
Ultrasound to detect early pregnancy is part of an extensive prenatal screening program used in Russia in the context of antenatal care. All women preparing for motherhood are invited to undergo at least 3 examination procedures on an ultrasound machine.
Testing of early uncomplicated pregnancy is carried out for a period of 12-14 weeks and is simply called - 1st trimester fetal ultrasound.
The first fetal ultrasound may be postponed to an earlier date if the attending obstetrician-gynecologist deems it necessary.
Indications for early ultrasound of the pelvic organs in pregnant women are:
In the normal course of pregnancy, subsequent sessions of ultrasound diagnostics are prescribed for pregnant women in the 2nd and 3rd semesters, at a period of 22-24 and 32-34 weeks, respectively.
What does ultrasound show
Starting from the moment of ovulation, ultrasound allows you to get an idea of how the pregnancy develops. Depending on the time of the ultrasound, the picture of the pregnant uterus may be different.
Determination of pregnancy in the early stages using ultrasound. In the photo - examination at 5 weeks. At 3-5 weeks, with the help of ultrasound, only the fetal egg is detected and the place of its implantation in the uterus is determined. Starting from 6-7 weeks, the embryonic phase of pregnancy begins, and, accordingly, we can talk about the appearance of an embryo no larger than 2 cm in size.
Already in this period, the doctor registers the presence of a heartbeat, which is normally 110-130 beats per minute. An unfavorable symptom is a decrease in heart rate to 100 beats per minute, which may indicate a possible termination of pregnancy.
Another dangerous sign of spontaneous abortion is the location of the embryo in the lower part of the intrauterine space. In this case, urgent treatment is necessary. It may be necessary to repeat the ultrasound examination at intervals of several days.
At a period of 10 weeks, the process of laying organs is completed and the fetal phase of pregnancy begins. From that moment on, the embryo is considered a fetus. The fetus weighs 35 g, and its length is 3.2 cm. Cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells. Fingerprints are formed. 
The doctor of ultrasound diagnostics determines the size of the collar zone (the thickness of the soft tissues of the neck) in order to exclude chromosomal abnormalities, determines the position of the placenta, and identifies the symptoms of possible complications.
At week 12, the fetus makes the first movements. The thyroid gland begins to concentrate iodine, insulin is produced in the pancreas, and urine is produced in the kidneys. The weight of the average fetus is 58 g.
The accuracy of ultrasound diagnostics in determining the gestational age
The actual age of the embryo is the length of time that has passed since the fertilization of the egg at the time of ovulation. However, since in most cases the date of ovulation remains unknown, but the date of the last menstrual period is known, the time elapsed since the first day of the last menstruation is used to determine the age of pregnancy.
The menstrual age is known as the gestational age, and its conventional unit is the completed week. The most difficult to determine the age of pregnancy in women with irregular menstrual cycles.
Ultrasound testing of early pregnancy, carried out before 13 weeks, allows you to calculate the estimated duration of gestation and the date of birth of the child with an accuracy of 4-5 days.
How does the doctor determine the time for ultrasound
To determine the gestational age, the doctor determines the size of the embryo in real time. The results of ultrasonic measurements are compared with the table of gestational age by ultrasound, on the basis of which conclusions are drawn about the age of pregnancy.
In the early stages, the most significant indicator is the size of the maximum length of the embryo, measured in a straight line from the head to the coccyx - the so-called coccyx-parietal size. This choice of measurement is optimal, since the embryo is located in the uterine cavity in a semi-bent state. 
The embryo in the 1st trimester grows intensively, respectively, the coccygeal-parietal size increases daily. The clinical guidelines for prenatal screening describe the KTP standards for each day.
Fetal changes per week are as follows:
| Embryo length in cm | Gestational age | Embryo length in cm | Gestational age | ||
| a week | day | a week | day | ||
| 0,3 | 2 | 6 | 4,2 | 9 | 3 |
| 0,4 | 3 | 1 | 4,3 | 9 | 3,5 |
| 0,5 | 3 | 4 | 4,4 | 9 | 4 |
| 0,6 | 3 | 6 | 4,5 | 9 | 5 |
| 0,7 | 4 | 2 | 4,6 | 9 | 6 |
| 0,8 | 4 | 5 | 4,7 | 10 | 0 |
| 0,9 | 5 | 0 | 4,8 | 10 | 1 |
| 1,0 | 5 | 1 | 4,9 | 10 | 1,5 |
| 1,1 | 5 | 3 | 5,0 | 10 | 2 |
| 1,2 | 5 | 4 | 5,1 | 10 | 3 |
| 1,3 | 5 | 5 | 5,2 | 10 | 4 |
| 1,4 | 6 | 0 | 5,3 | 10 | 5 |
| 1,5 | 6 | 2 | 5,4 | 10 | 5,5 |
| 1,6 | 6 | 3 | 5,5 | 10 | 6 |
| 1,7 | 6 | 4 | 5,6 | 11 | 0 |
| 1,8 | 6 | 5 | 5,7 | 11 | 1 |
| 1,9 | 6 | 6 | 5,8 | 11 | 1 |
| 2,0 | 7 | 0 | 5,9 | 11 | 1,5 |
| 2,1 | 7 | 1 | 6,0 | 11 | 2 |
| 2,2 | 7 | 2 | 6,1 | 11 | 2,5 |
| 2,3 | 7 | 3 | 6,2 | 11 | 3 |
| 2,4 | 7 | 4 | 6,3 | 11 | 3,5 |
| 2,5 | 7 | 5 | 6,4 | 11 | 4 |
| 2,6 | 7 | 6 | 6,5 | 11 | 4,5 |
| 2,7 | 7 | 7 | 6,6 | 11 | 5 |
| 2,8 | 8 | 0 | 6,7 | 11 | 5,5 |
| 2,9 | 8 | 1 | 6,8 | 11 | 6 |
| 4,1 | 9 | 2 | 6,9 | 11 | 6,5 |
What are the Benefits of Early Ultrasound?
An undoubted advantage of early ultrasound examination is the reduction of maternal mortality and morbidity associated with late diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Timely detection of ectopic pregnancy based on the assessment of hormonal (hCG) and ultrasound markers allows you to resort to timely medical care.
In addition, ultrasound testing of early pregnancy has become a reliable way to find out:
- the correct date of birth of the child;
- the presence of one or more fetuses in the uterine cavity;
- location of the placenta;
- possible deviations in the formation of organs, chromosomal aberrations of the fetus;
- chances of a spontaneous or missed abortion.
With the help of modern ultrasound techniques, clinicians have been able to distinguish in the early stages normal pregnancy from abnormal intrauterine pregnancy and prevent the birth of a non-viable child.
How is the ultrasound
Ultrasound to determine pregnancy in the early stages is carried out mainly by the transvaginal method.
The procedure is performed by an ultrasound doctor using a vaginal transducer with a disposable condom previously put on it. The patient is asked to remove her underwear and lie down on the couch, after which the examination begins.
There is no need to be afraid of the procedure. The doctor performing the scan will follow all the necessary rules to ensure the safety of the woman and her unborn child. Transvaginal ultrasound is painless, does not cause discomfort, is more accurate and informative. 
During inspection, the sensor generates a small amount of heat. Standard ultrasound uses low-intensity ultrasound, so heating of the body will be minimal.
If there are contraindications to the use of a vaginal probe (bleeding, damage to the vaginal mucosa), ultrasound of the fetus is performed by the transabdominal method. In this case, the doctor conducts an examination by placing the sensor on the front wall of the abdomen.
A water-soluble gel is preliminarily applied to the surface of the skin (or probe), which facilitates the passage of ultrasound. During the procedure, the ultrasound diagnostician chooses the best angle for examining the fetus in the uterine cavity.
Considering that ultrasound has a penetrating effect and can promote the introduction of microorganisms into tissues, infections of the urinary system are a contraindication for transabdominal ultrasound.
Transvaginal ultrasound: procedure:
Is ultrasound harmful for a child?
Ultrasound diagnostics is based on the ability of ultrasound to penetrate deep into tissues, reflect from organs, and then return back to the surface of the transducer. The received information is converted by a computer into a graphic image on the monitor.
Ultrasound procedure organs and systems is considered the simplest and safest non-invasive diagnostic method. To date, no evidence has been obtained of the negative impact of high-frequency waves on the formation of the internal organs of the unborn child.
However, the opinions of doctors regarding the timing of ultrasound of early pregnancy were divided. Although ultrasound is recognized as safe, it is presumably not excluded that acoustic exposure at the level used for organ imaging could harm the embryo at the earliest stages of development.
Do not do an ultrasound scan too early, for up to 5-6 weeks. The sensor of a standard ultrasound machine is not capable of distinguishing objects smaller than 2 mm in size.
It is more logical to wait at least until the 5th week of pregnancy, when the embryo grows to a size that can be distinguished by ultrasound. An exception to this rule are cases of emergency intervention, when ultrasound is performed for medical reasons.
Study preparation
Preparation for the procedure of ultrasound of early pregnancy varies significantly depending on the method of its implementation. One of the conditions for high-quality imaging of the fetus during transabdominal testing is sufficient filling of the bladder. Therefore, the patient is advised to drink at least 0.5 liters of liquid before the procedure and refrain from going to the toilet until the end of the examination.
For transvaginal scanning, on the contrary, it is required to empty the bladder as much as possible immediately before the examination. In addition, it should be taken into account that the passage of ultrasound is hindered by air and any other gases.
Gas accumulated in the intestines can interfere with examination of the uterus and fetus. So before visiting the ultrasound room, it is advisable to switch to a protein-free diet and refrain for 3 days from eating foods that cause increased gas formation (legumes, black bread, fatty meats and fish, smoked meats).
Women suffering from chronic flatulence are advised to take 10 tablets on the evening before the day of the examination. activated carbon.
Reliability of ultrasound by week in early pregnancy
Ultrasound is a surprisingly simple, affordable and safe method for determining the course of pregnancy in the early stages. However, it cannot be confidently stated that ultrasound is absolutely flawless as a diagnostic method.
The reliability of an ultrasound scan varies depending on factors such as the period of pregnancy, the quality of the ultrasound machine, and the qualifications of the doctor performing the test.
Obviously, one of the main issues of concern to the expectant mother is determining the date of birth of her child. Clinical data indicate that Ultrasound performed in the 1st trimester determines the age of the embryo with greater accuracy compared with methods used in obstetric practice.
An ultrasound performed transvaginally detects the heartbeat of the embryo for a period not exceeding 5-6 weeks, which makes it possible to differentiate an early viable pregnancy from a missed miscarriage. Transabdominal testing determines cardiac activity a little later, at least at 8 weeks.
In order not to be mistaken in the reliability of the test, in some cases obstetrician-gynecologists prescribe 2 consecutive ultrasound scans and compare the results of ultrasound with a laboratory blood test for the content of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).
A decrease in the level of hCG is evidence of an interrupted pregnancy.
Ultrasound has been successfully used to diagnose birth defects. It is believed that ultrasound of the 2nd trimester, performed between 16 and 20 weeks, reveals most of the intrauterine anomalies, but even in the 1st trimester it is possible to detect markers of fetal chromosomal pathology in about 60% of women.
An early sign probable Down syndrome in an unborn child is the thickness of the soft tissues in the back of the fetal neck, exceeding 3 mm.
Ultrasound screening for trisomy is performed at 11-13 weeks of gestation. If positive, it is important to meet with a medical geneticist and discuss options for detailed testing, including amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling.
And finally Ultrasound in the middle of pregnancy quite reliably determines the sex of the unborn child. Mistakes probably happen, but with the improvement of ultrasound devices, they become less and less.
Why sometimes pregnancy is not visible on ultrasound when conception has occurred
Ultrasound to determine pregnancy in the early stages sometimes produces false results. The appearance of unreliable ultrasound findings is explained by such reasons as the unsuccessful location of the fetal egg in the uterine cavity, the excessive thickness of the mother's abdominal wall, and the insufficient preparedness of the ultrasound diagnostician.
According to international statistics, erroneous results occur in 1 out of 100 examinations.
The absence of a visible ovum in the graphic image may be due to insufficient resolution of the sensor. If the object of study is too small and cannot be recognized by ultrasound, it is necessary to re-examine, but not earlier than 5-6 weeks of gestation.
How to improve the accuracy of ultrasound results
With the improvement of computer technology, hardware ultrasound diagnostics has changed qualitatively. Modern ultrasound techniques allow capturing a three-dimensional image of the fetus in the womb in real time. With the help of 4D ultrasound scanning, it became possible to obtain a moving image of the unborn child in the form of a video.
However, doctors do not advise using 4D ultrasound in the first half of pregnancy, as it has a high initial power and can damage delicate fetal structures.
Only in rare cases of severe pathology of the mother and fetus, when standard ultrasound is insufficient to establish an accurate diagnosis, the latest 3D and 4D scanning techniques can be applied.
Diagnosis of placental insufficiency associated with impaired blood supply to the fetus is carried out using Dopplerography and color Doppler mapping. Cardiotocography is used to determine the viability of the unborn child, to record the frequency of his heart rate during a complicated pregnancy.
A presumptive diagnosis of chromosomal diseases requires the use of invasive examination methods: placentocentesis, chorionic villus aspiration, amniocentesis, and subsequent examination of the obtained samples in a genetic laboratory.
Why you need to know the exact date of conception
Except in rare cases, women usually do not know when conception occurred. Therefore, in obstetric practice, the gestational age is determined by counting from the beginning of the last menstrual cycle 3 months ago and adding 1 week. With this calculation, the so-called "obstetric" age of pregnancy is established, which may differ from the actual age of the embryo for up to 14 days.
Meanwhile, there are critical periods in the development of the fetus when the risk of birth defects is especially high. In this case, knowing the date of conception allows the doctor to better navigate the issues of diagnosis and prevention. dangerous pathology.
In addition, knowledge of the actual term of conception makes it possible to calculate the time of onset of childbirth, and in some cases it is of fundamental importance, for example, in the problem of establishing paternity.
Table of gestational age by ultrasound
An ultrasound to determine pregnancy in the early stages determines the age of the fetus and the estimated date of birth more accurately than an obstetric prognosis, counted from the day of the last menstruation.
The determination of the embryonic age is carried out in accordance with the indications of KTR (coccygeal-parietal size). Starting from the 7th week, in addition to the CTE, the doctor measures other significant parameters of the embryo. 
The scale of standard sizes, adopted in the world practice, includes a list of characteristics, of which the most defining are: biparietal size (BDP), collar zone thickness (TVP), femur length, nasal bone length, fronto-occipital size (LZR), sizes of the fetal egg (PY). 
Modern ultrasound diagnostic devices are equipped with special computer programs that allow you to automatically measure the size of the fetus. Comparing them with a table of standard criteria allows you to determine the true timing of conception and the date of birth of a child with an error of several days.
| Indicator | ПЯ, mm | BPR, mm | KTR, mm | TVP, mm | DN, mm |
| A week | |||||
| 5 | 5 | — | 1-3 | — | — |
| 6 | 13 | — | 4-6 | — | — |
| 7 | 21 | 3 | 8-10 | — | — |
| 8 | 29 | 7 | 14-16 | — | — |
| 9 | 36 | 10 | 22-23 | — | — |
| 10 | 44 | 14 | 31-32 | 1,5 -2,2 | — |
| 11 | 51 | 17 | 41-43 | 1,6-2,4 | — |
| 12 | 57 | 20-22 | 42-73 | 1,6- 2,5 | Over3 |
| 13 | 63 | 24-26 | 51-87 | 1,7 – 2,7 | More than 3 |
The expectant mother should not panic if there is a slight deviation from normal fetometry. It is quite acceptable and is not evidence of fetal pathology. If the figures are not in the same line, the discrepancy should not differ from the standard indicated in the adjacent line.
The remaining options are regarded as deviations from the norm. A dangerous sign is a discrepancy with the normative criterion by 2 or more times. In this case, the diagnosis must be confirmed by Doppler ultrasonography.
Where is the best place to do an ultrasound?
Doctors professionally engaged in ultrasound diagnostics based on maternity hospitals and antenatal clinics have the greatest experience and qualifications in the field of prenatal ultrasound screening.
Pregnant women in the early stages to determine the condition of the uterus and embryo, it is best to contact the specialized ultrasound room of a medical obstetric institution.
Article formatting: Svetlana Ovsyanikova
Video on the topic: Ultrasound to determine pregnancy in the early stages
Ultrasound in early pregnancy:
Definition of pregnancy:
During pregnancy, a woman must undergo certain examinations and take tests. Throughout the entire period, planned ultrasound scans during pregnancy are carried out. For some, one examination is enough, for others it will be necessary to visit the specialist’s office several times. When to do it, on what terms it is carried out and what it can tell about - we will tell you about everything in detail.
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Procedure value
Ultrasound examination (ultrasound) is one of the most popular types of diagnostics in modern medicine. Applies for determining many pathological processes in all organs. The technique is widely used during pregnancy to determine the condition and correct development of the fetus.
Note! The ultrasound procedure makes it possible to see deviations in the development of the baby in the early stages, which will allow timely intervention and correction of the condition of the fetus.
The procedure is carried out on special equipment that operates at the frequency of ultrasonic waves.
A special sensor, which the specialist passes through the body (in case of pregnancy through the abdomen), emits ultrasonic waves that pass through soft tissues and read information.
The waves, reflected from the body of the embryo, return back and transmit an image to the monitor screen in real time.
Ultrasound allows you to determine the number of fetuses, their size, position, to see pathologies or developmental abnormalities. Basically the machine works in monochrome color e, where black is soft tissue and liquid, and white is bone and cartilage formations.
Many women who are preparing to become a mother for the first time do not know how many weeks to go to and how many of them are spent throughout the entire period. As a rule, three screenings are recommended, which include a series of tests and a mandatory ultrasound examination. It will allow you to monitor the development, growth and position of the baby, makes it possible to see the sex of the child.
In cases where pregnant woman something is sick or there is a threat to the life and health of the fetus, then ultrasound is performed more often, as prescribed by the doctor. This makes it possible to monitor the correct development of the fetus.
Is the procedure dangerous for the baby
Regardless of the timing of the procedure, many expectant mothers worry about the baby, whether this diagnosis is dangerous for him. Ultrasound has been performed in all countries of the world for many years, so far no one has suffered from it. There are many examples that prove that ultrasound does not harm the fetus if it is done on a schedule, and not every month. Sound waves, unlike magnetic ones, therefore they do not bring any harm to the body. They can disturb a too small fetus, but nothing more.
Modern ultrasound equipment uses low frequencies, which in no way do not harm the health of the baby and the expectant mother.
Ultrasound devices have been used in medicine for 70 years.
During this time, the equipment has been improved and updated. Modern devices used in gynecology are completely safe.
How many times do ultrasound during pregnancy. The study is carried out, according to the plan, in each trimester on the recommendation of the attending physician.
First trimeter
The first ultrasound during pregnancy is performed at a period of 12 weeks, in the range from 10 to 14 weeks. From the eighth week of pregnancy, the embryonic period ends, the baby begins to form internal organs and limbs. From the tenth week, it is already possible to detect deviations in the development of the child.
Important! If the fetus has severe disorders or the development of cerebral palsy, microcephaly and other pathologies, then at this time it is still possible to have an abortion.
The possibility of surgical termination of pregnancy is discussed with the patient in case of pathologies.
Ultrasound during early pregnancy performs a number the most important tasks:
- determines the number of fetal eggs;
- measures the growth of the embryo from the coccyx to the back of the head;
- studies the anatomy of the fetus (number of limbs);
- TVP is measured, by which it is possible to determine the presence or absence of chromosomal disorders. If the thickness of the collar space is more than 2.7 mm, this may indicate the development of Down syndrome;
- helps to see the state of the heart, brain and other organs.
If the doctor during the first examination determines some pathologies, then the pregnant woman will have to undergo some more procedures.
Second trimester
The second ultrasound during pregnancy is very exciting. After all, it is on it that a mother can find out the gender of her child.
In some cases, it is possible to consider the gender of the baby, but this requires high-quality equipment and a certain position of the embryo.
As a rule, a second ultrasound examination is carried out in the second semester for up to the 20th week.
Not always baby posture gives you the opportunity to see the floor, you need to be ready for this and you should not be upset.
The doctor determines the following parameters:
- abdominal circumference, fetal size and bone length. These measurements make it possible to understand if there are any deviations in the development of the fetus;
- location of the placenta and internal blood circulation;
- the quality and quantity of amniotic fluid may indicate the presence of an infectious disease in the mother or kidney failure in the baby;
- examination of the umbilical cord, determination of entanglement, if any;
- determining the risk of preterm birth.
If the waters are suspicious, then you need to take additional tests. Polyhydramnios may indicate an Rhesus conflict. This is a phenomenon that occurs when the Rhesus of the mother and child do not match.
third trimester
The third planned ultrasound during pregnancy is prescribed for a period of 32-34 weeks. At this time, the doctor looks at the size and position of the fetus, this allows you to determine the approximate date of delivery.
In addition, due to the position of the baby, it can be assumed how the birth will proceed.
If the child has not turned head down, then this is the reason to prepare for.
In addition, the position and condition of the placenta is assessed.
At the 37th week, the pregnancy is considered full-term, so from this moment you can expect the harbingers of childbirth and prepare for an important event.
Varieties of research
Medicine does not stand still and the types of research are constantly being improved. What are the types of ultrasound during pregnancy today.
What is the name of the ultrasound and what is researched:
- intravaginal: carried out, as a rule, on early term, makes it possible to determine the pathology of the placenta and cervix, if any. The accuracy of this method is higher than with the standard procedure. There is no special preparation for this method of diagnosis, it is enough to carry out personal hygiene and empty the bladder;
- prenatal screening may be done during the first study. Allows you to identify genetic anomalies and pathologies that are inherited. In some medical institutions, this type is referred to as an expert (higher) class. It can be carried out in several ways - intravaginally or through the abdomen;
- dopplerometry is also carried out in several ways and allows you to determine the quality of blood flow. The procedure requires special medical ultrasound equipment. How long to conduct such an examination is determined by the doctor, if there is evidence;
- cardiotocography is performed to determine fetal hypoxia;
- volumetric color ultrasound examination is carried out in 3D, 4D, 5D format. It makes it possible to see the child in a color three-dimensional image. Many modern parents use this method of research to record a disc with the intrauterine development of their baby.
Ultrasound of the new format allows the doctor to see in detail the condition of the child, his position, entanglement of the umbilical cord and other parameters that will most effectively prepare for childbirth.
