Year of foundation of the Russian state. Day of the birth of Russian statehood

In 2012, 1150 years have passed since the event, which in the national historiography of the 18th - 19th centuries. was called the "calling of the Varangians", "the birth Russian statehood».

In 862, there was an act of voluntary agreement between the Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes, who agreed, in order to end the civil strife, to call as a ruler a “man from the outside”, not associated with any of the local clans, who was supposed to act as an arbitrator, “to judge by law” , that is, by law. Such an invited ruler was Prince Rurik, who laid the foundation for the first Russian dynasty, which ruled the country for more than seven centuries.

Traditionally, 862 is considered the date of the birth of Russian statehood, the starting point of Russian history.

150 years ago, Novgorod became the center of festive celebrations on the occasion of the millennium anniversary of this event.

At the heart of our ideas about the “calling of the Varangians” is the message “The News of Bygone Years” under 862: “In the summer of 6370. I drove the Varangians across the sea, and did not give them tribute, and often volunteered themselves, and not be in them truth, and rise up kindred against kindred, and there was strife in them, and more often fight for yourself. And they decide in themselves: "Let's look for a prince for ourselves, who would rule over us and judge by right." And go across the sea to the Varangians, to Russia. For fear of the name of the Varangians, Rus, as if the friends are called theirs, the friends of the Urman, the English, the friends of the gote, tacos and si. Deciding Rus, Chyud, Slovenes, and Krivichi and all: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no dress in it. Yes, go to reign and rule over us. And 3 brothers were chosen from their generations, girdling all Russia in their own way, and came; the oldest, Rurik, is now Novgorod, and the other, Sineus, on Lake Bele, and the third Izborst, Truvor. And from those Varangians, they were nicknamed the Russian land, Novgorodians, they are the people of the city of Varangians from the Varangian clan, before the besh of Slovenia.

The chronicler not only spoke about the fact of inviting foreigners to Russia, the reason for which was the endless civil strife in the local tribal confederation of the Slavs, but also accurately determined who the Vikings of Rurik were, where they came from. He emphasized the ethnic difference between the Varangians-Rus from the Swedes, Normans, Angles, Gotlanders.

Vasnetsov V.M., "Varangians", 1909. Oil on canvas

Rurik fulfilled his historical mission. By his efforts and the efforts of his successors, a powerful East Slavic state was formed in Europe. It was from Rurik that the Russian princes until the suppression of the ruling dynasty at the end of the 16th century. led their lineage.

The presence of the Scandinavians in Russia in the 9th - 11th centuries. and their great role in the life of East Slavic society are a firmly established fact. This is evidenced by both chronicle news and numerous archaeological finds. The historicity of Rurik himself should also hardly raise doubts (but his brothers Sineus and Truvor are quite mythical figures that appeared only under the pen of the chronicler, who thus personified the words of the Old Swedish language “sine hus” - “one’s kind” and “thru varing" - "faithful squad"). The chronicle story about the "calling" of Rurik, apparently, reflects the fact of concluding an agreement with the invited prince.

It should be borne in mind that 862 is a rather conditional date. For the first time, dates in chronicle reports (the so-called “weather grid”) appear only in the 11th century. For events of an earlier time, the chronicler had to choose the most suitable dates. Therefore, we know for sure that the date of the "calling of the Varangians" is calculated. But it is in good agreement with our modern ideas about the level of development of East Slavic society in the 9th century. and confirmed by archaeological evidence. Therefore, a possible error of several years in dating the event itself does not seriously affect the general ideas about the formation of the Russian state.

In addition to the chronology of any historical event, an important issue is its geographic confinement. In relation to the “calling of the Varangians”, this question can be formulated as follows: to which point in the East Slavic lands was Rurik invited “with his kind and faithful squad”? In modern historical science there are two answers to this question: Ladoga and Novgorod.

To justify the choice of these two items, you should find out for what tasks each of them was convenient. Ladoga, which arose back in the 8th century, was located in the lower reaches of the Volkhov and was convenient for controlling the trade route along this river in the area closest to the Baltic. But it lay far from the main areas of Slavic settlement in the North-West; settlements in its immediate vicinity were extremely rare. Novgorod, in addition to being located at the intersection of trade routes along the Volkhov and Msta, was located among a large cluster of rural settlements and had a convenient connection with other regions of the North-West. Therefore, Ladoga could only serve to control transit trade, while Novgorod had the added possibility of exercising control over the vast territory of East Slavic settlement. Thus, for the purposes of managing the emerging state territory, Novgorod was much more suitable than Ladoga. And Ladoga could only be an intermediate point of stay for the invited Scandinavian prince, and Novgorod was supposed to be his main place.

As is known, no layers older than the first half of the 10th century were found in the course of archaeological research on the territory of modern Novgorod. At the same time, there are not only layers of the 9th century on Gorodishche, but also a large number of objects of Scandinavian origin. Therefore, Gorodishche is the territory on which Novgorod first arose. And it was here that Rurik was supposed to come in the middle of the 9th century.

The fate of Russia and the United States has been closely intertwined in the last decade. There is an outflow of capital and resources from Russia towards a stronger partner. The United States has noticeably strengthened its position in the world over the past decade, while Russia has weakened to the same extent. At the same time, Russia is becoming more and more dependent on its powerful partner both politically and economically. This should be given some explanation, based on the horoscopes of the formation of these states.

The history of Russia is the history of its crises. Every crisis, be it revolution, turmoil, war or economic collapse, creates a deep wound that is remembered for many generations. The history of Russia is replete with secrets and mysterious circumstances of events that are hidden for researchers due to the general high level of chaos in the system at times of crisis: people and documents disappear without a trace, many false versions of what is happening appear. Therefore, even in such a simple question as the date of the formation of Russia, there are many ambiguities, especially with regard to the collapse of the USSR and the formation of the Russian Federation. Thus, the book gives the following versions of what is happening:

06/12/1990, 09:45 GMT, Moscow - The Russian Parliament declared the sovereignty of the Russian Federative Republic within the USSR. This version of the horoscope of recent Russian history is supported by many astrologers;

12/8/1991 17:45 GMT, Moscow - public declaration of Russian independence (formal dissolution of the Soviet Union);

12/25/1991 19:45 Moscow time - the hoisting of the Russian flag over the Kremlin;

On December 26, 1991, the USSR finally ceased to exist (the last session of the Council of the Republics and the Council of the Union issued a declaration on their own liquidation).

To these dates, at least two more should be added:

August 19, 1991, morning, Moscow - putsch, attempted military coup;

The first date is actively discussed by astrologers as a turning point in the history of the Soviet state (see, for example,). The second date was taken as the basis for constructing the horoscope of the Russian Federation in the book "". This date is associated with the entry into force of the constitution of the Russian Federation. As you know, this constitution was adopted by "popular vote" on December 12, 1993. However, the constitution came into force only on December 25, 1993 (from the date of its official publication). Until that day, Russia lived according to the laws inherited from the times of the USSR. That's why it is this date that is the beginning of modern Russian history, just as the date of the formation of the United States is considered to be the day of the public proclamation of the Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776).

As in the case of Russia, the question of the emergence of the United States is not solved simply and unambiguously. There are many dates associated with the various stages of the development of North America by Europeans, as well as several political events that can be considered fundamental (see the book for a lengthy discussion on this). The Declaration of Independence is one such event. Since this date has been celebrated as an official birthday for centuries, the generally accepted version of the formation of the United States can be attributed to July 4, 1776, 5:10 pm (-5 GMT) Philadelphia (39N53; 75 W15).

The dynamic horoscope, built on the date of the formation of the USA, is shown in fig. 1. This diagram characterizes the cyclic change in the country's potential with a period of 7 years. The first year of the cycle (from July 4, 2001 to July 4, 2002) began under the rule of Jupiter and is critical for the United States. Nevertheless, despite the events of September 11, the country's potential increased, and by July 4, 2002, it reached its peak value. The next year began under the rule of Venus. It is characterized by a general, rather significant drop in the country's potential. Here it would be appropriate to refer to the classical horoscope of the USA - Fig. 2. In the classical horoscope, the Ascendant (beginning) of the USA falls on the sign of Sagittarius, ruled by Jupiter, and the MC is in the sign of Libra and is ruled by Venus. These two planets are well marked in Diagram 1 as superior (Venus) and inferior (Jupiter) status. The second peak of the planets in diagram 1 is the Moon. The fact that the USA is controlled by the rays of Venus and the Moon leaves a certain imprint on the politics and history of the USA: the whole recent history this state is closely connected with the region of the star (Venus) and the crescent (Iran, Iraq, Turkey), as well as with Muslim countries. The strong dependence of the US economy on Arab oil forces the leadership of this country to take active steps against the Arab countries, up to military aggression. Recently, the issue of strikes against Iraq has been debated, with the explicit goal of curbing rampant terrorism and another, less obvious one, to control world oil prices.

Rice. 1. The seven-year cycle of change in the potential of the United States, starting from 2001, calculated on the date of formation on July 4, 1776.

Fig 2. Classical horoscope of education of the USA

In this regard, let's consider a dynamic horoscope that describes a seven-year cycle of events related to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 - Fig. 3. This diagram again clearly shows the peaks of Venus and the Moon, which eloquently demonstrate the resonant nature of this event in relation to the dynamic horoscope of the United States (Fig. . 1), as well as its obvious connection with the Islamic world. Beginning under the rule of Mars, this cycle of events has elicited a surprisingly weak response from the global community. This year it led to an information war (Mercury), and next year its influence will weaken due to the influence of Jupiter on US policy at the time of the crisis in 2001. A strong reaction to this event will begin immediately after September 11, 2003. This reaction will be accompanied by an incredibly increased US aggression, concerned about the deteriorating economic situation in the country. Indeed, the potential of the US began to decline due to the fall from Venus to Saturn (see Fig. 1), the planet that rules the second and third houses in the US horoscope. The fall of the dollar against other world currencies and the overall reduction in production will spur the administration to take decisive action that will be successful. At the same time, the actions that the US administration is taking this year will not achieve the desired goals.

Rice. 3. Seven-year cycle of events calculated on the date of the September 11, 2001 attack.

Consider the dynamic horoscope of Russia, built according to the official date of the creation of the Russian Federation - fig. 4. Let us note something in common that is present in the dynamic horoscopes of Russia and the United States: out of seven years, there is an increase for two years (in Russia it is 96 and 99, as well as 2003 and 2006), two years of crisis (in Russia 95 and 98, 2002 and 2005) and three years of recession (in Russia, the recession years are 93, 94, 97 and 2000). Such a large number of crises and recessions are possible only in a system with an unusually efficient economy, such as the US economy. In this system, periods of recession are replaced by such a revival in the market that in 2 years it is possible to make up for the losses caused by the recession. The Russian economy, which is extremely inefficient, suffers irreparable losses during crises and periods of recession.

Rice. 4. Seven-year cycle of changes in the potential of Russia, calculated on the basis of the official date of the formation of the Russian Federation on December 25, 1993.

Note that in this model the leading planets are Mars and Venus. The fact that the ray of Venus is manifested both in the horoscope of the USA and in the horoscope of Russia makes these two states related and is the basis for their rapprochement. As you know, this beam is a harbinger of the beginning of the era of Lucifer, which will begin next year and last approximately 707 years.

Let's ask ourselves what would happen if Russia, while remaining a sovereign state, developed within the framework of the USSR. 5. Here we have a much more dynamic system: every three years the system experiences an upturn, two years of stable development, one year of recession and one year of crisis. Such a system would be ruled by three strong planets - Jupiter, Venus and Saturn.

Another interesting question related to the August coup: what would happen if the junta won? The dynamic horoscope built on the date of the putsch on August 19, 1991 shows that in such a system there would be an increase for three years, a decline for two years and one crisis - fig.6. The leading planets in such a system would be Mercury and the Sun.

Finally, the last, theoretical question, what would have happened if Russia had remained the successor of the Great October Revolution. The corresponding seven-year cycle is shown in Fig. 7. In this system, there would be an increase for three years, a decline for two years, and two years of crisis (this was actually the case during the Soviet era). The leading planets in such a system are the moon and Mercury. GMT the rising sign is Virgo. The same sign also appears in the chart of the August putsch, which is why Mercury occupies a high position in the diagram shown in fig. 6. Since Virgo characterizes people who are in service, the meaning of what is happening becomes clear - this is a rebellion of a servant against the owner. This rebellion was successful once, but its heirs were defeated on August 19, 1991. From now on, starting from December 25, 1993, the modern history of Russia turned out to be dependent on Mars and Venus. The real president of Russia - Vladimir Putin, like Bill Clinton, is a conductor of Venus, since in his horoscope four planets occupy the sign of Libra: the Sun, Mercury, Saturn and Neptune. The further history of Russia largely depends on other key events in its history. One thing is clear, that by remaining in the shadow of the event associated with the publication of the constitution on December 25, 1993, the Russian people will achieve little, since the corresponding diagram depicted in fig. 4 is characterized by extremely low energy.

Rice. 5. Dynamic horoscope of Russia, calculated on the date of June 12, 1990

Fig.7. Dynamic horoscope of Russia, built according to the date of the Great October Socialist Revolution, November 7, 1917.

Everyone is obliged to know the history of the origin of the state in which he lives. Thanks to it, a person develops his own point of view on many events, a personality with a certain life position is formed. History shows how this or that nation was formed, what people went through in order to unite and recognize their independence. To have a future, you need to know your past.

The Russian state was born more than 1000 years ago, and thanks to the unification of many tribes and peoples, it is unique. It was for the purpose of consolidating society, educating and developing patriotic and civic feelings that this holiday was approved in the Russian Federation.

When they celebrate

September 21, 2018 marks the 1156th anniversary of the birth of Russian statehood. On March 3, 2011, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation D. Medvedev No. 267, it was decided to revive the celebrations. The document ordered to organize the preparation and holding of the celebration of the 1150th anniversary of the birth of Russian statehood in 2012. The date of the holiday is timed to the opening of the monument "Millennium of Russia" in the Novgorod Kremlin in 1862.

Who is celebrating

The event is celebrated by the whole country, but festive events are not available in all cities. Residents of Russia, as well as invited foreign delegations, take part in the celebrations dedicated to this day. Anniversaries are often timed to coincide with the opening of architectural complexes and monuments.

history of the holiday

According to the annals, the Slavic tribes waged an internecine war for the reign and, in order to stop this bloodshed, it was decided to call the Varangians, who were not connected with the local clans, as the sovereign ruler. In 862, a voluntary agreement was made between the Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes, and the Varangian Rurik began to rule Russia.

For the first time, Emperor Alexander II initiated the celebration of this day in 1862. Then Russian statehood turned 1000 years old. Then for many years this day was deleted from the calendar of holidays.

In 2009, during a meeting of the State Council and the Council for Culture and Art on organizational events in honor of the 1150th anniversary of Veliky Novgorod, the issue of reviving the date of the celebration of Russian statehood was raised, especially since all venerable historians considered the year 862 to be the beginning of its birth. The President of the Russian Federation supported this idea, and in 2011 a corresponding decree was issued.

On March 20, 2012, in honor of the holiday, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation issued 5 types of coins: a face value of 10 rubles. from steel, in 3 and 100 rubles. from silver 925, in 50 and 10,000 rubles. from gold of the highest standard.

The number and weight of coins is varied. A 10-ruble steel coin was minted with a circulation of 10 million pieces and weighing 5.63 grams each, and only 75 pieces of gold coins with a face value of 10,000 rubles were minted, and each weighs 1 kilogram.

The history of Russia, as a concept and as a state, has, according to scientists, more than one hundred years. For the first time the term "Russia" was used as the Greek name of Russia, in the writings of one of the Byzantine emperors - Porphyrogenitus Constantine. So after all, how old is Russia? At the official level (confirmed by scientific data), the date of formation of the state is considered to be 862, when Russia was first mentioned in the annals. Accordingly, in 2015 Russia will be 1153 years old.

Name history

The name of Russia was subsequently fixed (XIII - XV centuries) for that part of the territory of Russia, which was not part of Poland and Lithuania and united into one state by the Moscow principality. It is known that under Ivan III this name was also used. When Ivan IV was crowned king (1547), the word "Russia" had already acquired an official status. The lands of the northeast began to be called the "Russian Kingdom". However, in Western Europe the name "Muscovy" was still common.

In 1721, under Peter I, the Russian Empire was proclaimed. Since then, Russia became a Republic (1917), was part of the USSR (1922), became an independent Federation (1991), but in any case, the continuity of the adopted name was preserved. According to the laws that exist now, today's Russia is the legal successor of all these previous state formations that arose on its territory, the same participant in international law, which did not cease to exist for a minute.

background

Speaking about the prehistory of Russia, it is probably necessary to say the following. Archaeologists have discovered several ancient sites on its modern territory, dating back to the pre-Shell and Shell periods (2 million - 350 thousand years ago), located in the Kuban, Siberia and the Caucasus. Mousterian cultures (150 thousand years ago) were also distributed in the European part of the country. Near Voronezh, a neoanthrope site (50 thousand - 20 thousand years ago) was discovered, which is the oldest known. The Kostenkovo-Avdeevskaya culture also existed in the Bryansk, Kursk, Lipetsk, and Moscow regions, where Caucasians then lived.

"The Tale of Bygone Years"

In the 5th-7th centuries on the territory modern Russia there was a Turkic Khaganate, and later - Khazar (Lower Volga, North Caucasus). In the 8th century, the south of Primorye was part of the state of Bohai.

According to The Tale of Bygone Years (also called the "Original Chronicle" or "Nestorova Chronicle"), a dated period in the history of Ancient Russia (Russia, so to speak, as the original public education) began in 852, during the reign of Emperor Michael. This is the time, according to some scientists, "when the Russian land first began to be called." A decade later, the Normans (Sineus, Truvor, Rurik) united the nearby lands. It is this date (862) that is considered to be the year of the founding of Russia as a state (in 2012, we officially, at the state level, celebrated the anniversary - 1150 years - of the founding of Russia). And answering the question "how old is Russia", we, of course, this is the number we have in mind.

Soon Rurik becomes the sole ruler of the country, founds Novgorod, puts his deputies in Rostov and Murom. And his successor, Prince Oleg, captures Kyiv, uniting all the lands into one Old Russian State.

By the way, about the names: “Russes” were originally called overseas Varangians, who gradually merged with the meadows. The monetary unit of the Russians was the hryvnia, and they worshiped the pagan god Perun.

Many more rulers of the Old Russian state changed, but by the middle of the 12th century, as a single and centralized state, it ceased to exist, giving way to several independent principalities.

Yoke and crusaders

In the forties of the XIII century, many Russian lands were invaded by the Tatar-Mongol tribes of Batu Khan. Some were destroyed big cities, disparate principalities were subject to exorbitant tribute. And the princes of Novgorod enter into battle with the crusaders and the Swedes. By the 15th century, Galicia was occupied by Poland, and most of Russia was part of the Lithuanian principality.

Muscovy or Tsardom of Russia

Around the 14th century, a new control center was formed - the Principality of Moscow. Under Tsar Ivan III, the payment of tribute to the Horde ceased, which led to the end of the Yoke. Basil III continues the unification of the lands, waging wars with neighboring countries. Under Ivan the Terrible, the state sets itself the task of collecting all the previously lost Russian lands. Formed noble cavalry. Foot archery - armed with small arms.

Peter I

The merits of this tsar in the formation of the statehood of Russia are great. After all, it was he who proclaimed the creation of the Russian Empire (1721), introduced uniform subordination and centralization of power in a country that occupied a vast territory. And no matter how historians today relate to the acts of Peter the Great, the question “when Russia appeared as a powerful state that influences many countries of the world” can be answered: under Peter I.

Results

Our country, Russia, has a rich history. It is possible to enumerate milestones of creation of its statehood for a long time. Ancient Russia, The era of principalities, the Russian Kingdom, the Russian Empire, the Russian Republic, the RSFSR, the USSR, the Russian Federation. And these are just the main ones! One important thing is that the continuity of Russian statehood goes back more than a thousand years, and its territory today is one of the most extensive in the world.

current state Russian Federation includes eighty-five subjects (after the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the independent city of Sevastopol in 2014), borders on the territories of eighteen countries of the world. Its population is multinational and consists of more than one hundred and eighty nationalities and nationalities, adherents of more than fifteen (according to some sources - twenty-five) world religions, the main of which, of course, is Orthodoxy. In truth, the scale is impressive, as is the very concept of Russia.