Holy Scripture of the Jews. Bible. Morality - what you do and what you strive for
BIBLE, a book containing the sacred writings of the Jewish and Christian religions. The Hebrew Bible, a collection of Hebrew sacred texts, is also included in the Christian Bible, forming its first part - the Old Testament. Both Christians and Jews consider it to be a record of an agreement (covenant) concluded by God with man and revealed to Moses on Mount Sinai. Christians believe that Jesus Christ announced a new covenant, which is the fulfillment of the Covenant given in Revelation to Moses, but at the same time replaces it. Therefore, the books that tell about the activities of Jesus and his disciples are called the New Testament. New Testament constitutes the second part of the Christian Bible.
For us, the choice was not to be Jewish. Only non-believers can make this choice. For all of us, the Almighty has decided. The choice is not to believe and not to believe in Jesus. People believe what they see, whether with the eyes of the flesh or with the eyes of faith. The choice is whether to open the eyes of faith, regardless of what can be seen.
Could you study Jesus' claims out of a real desire to know if he is the Messiah? The same God who guides your search for truth will also guard the Jewish identity he has given you. But we hope you may be interested in knowing if Jesus is God's answer to your needs as a Jew, and even more so as a person who needs to know the beings that created you.
Bible text. Most of the Old Testament books are written in Hebrew (Biblical Hebrew), but there are also passages in Aramaic, which Jews spoke after the 4th century. BC. Traditionally, the authorship of the Old Testament books is attributed to several leaders who became famous in the Jewish ...
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Offspring of Shem, sons of Eber, habiru
Sinai tribal union
The words essence and evidence are used in the King James and New King James versions. Circumcision is as controversial today as it was in New Testament times. Then, as now, it can tear apart marriages and families. Fortunately, the ideas we can learn from the Bible about circumcision can help us today.
Is circumcision today the same as circumcision in the Bible?
Circumcision cuts off the foreskin, the sexually sensitive sleeve of tissue that normally covers and protects the head of the penis. Many Hellenistic Jews, especially those who competed in athletics at the gymnasium, had surgery to hide the fact of their circumcision. Similar actions were undertaken in the course of the Hadrianic persecutions, during which a ban on circumcision was issued.
Jews (Jews) in the Bible is a religious-ethnic group of people descended from Abraham and connected with God by a number of unions (covenants). The initial moment of the formation of the Jewish people can be considered the conclusion of the covenant between God and Abraham ca. 17th century BC Later, the descendants of Abraham (as well as a number of other Semitic tribal groups) ended up in Egyptian slavery. In Egypt, these Semitic slaves received the common name "khaperu" ("khabiru") - the ethnonym "Jews" probably goes back to this word; The Bible also produces the name "Jews, the sons of Eber" from one of the ancestors of Abraham, Eber. One way or another, these Semitic tribes (in any case, most of them) preserved the memory of the faith of Abraham, the ancient Semitic monotheism. During the exodus from Egypt (c. 13th century BC), in the Sinai desert, the Semitic tribes living there joined the refugees. This heterogeneous tribal union became the ethnic basis for the formation of the Jewish ...
Is the foreskin a fault of nature?
The New Testament precedes this development. Medical circumcision evolved from a later, more radical practice, which is why today's infant circumcisions are more brutal than biblical circumcisions. The Bible says that God's pronunciation is "very good" and that humans are created in the image and likeness of God.
How did circumcision begin in the Bible?
According to the Book of Genesis, God told Abraham to circumcise himself, his family, and servants as an eternal covenant in their flesh. Those who were not circumcised were to be "cut off" from their people. Notice the connection between circumcision and slavery. This is stated in the New Testament.
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Hebrew Bible. The modern Hebrew Bible basically follows the canon adopted in Jamnia. In Hebrew, it is called Kitwe Kodesh ("Holy Scriptures") or Tanakh (an abbreviation of Torah, Neviim, Ketuvim). The Hebrew text is still considered official and is used in worship. Its standard text is based on the edition of the Jewish scholar of the 10th century. Moshe ben Asher, who corrected numerous scribal errors accumulated over the centuries. A widely circulated edition contains, in addition to the Hebrew original, its translation into Aramaic, as well as a commentary by Rashi, the great scholar of the 11th century.
Abraham, his descendants and those who were bought with their money. In addition, all the males of the household had to be circumcised if one of them wanted to join the Passover celebration. This speaks of several scribal traditions. First, Moses did not practice circumcision, and the custom was abandoned under his direction. In the second, his wife must comply with the practice.
Does circumcision apply to anyone else?
Circumcision is applied to the slaves of the Jews. Also, circumcision was never applied to people outside of the Jewish faith. The first covenant was not with other nations. All other people were described as uncircumcised, even those who practiced circumcision. Circumcision has never been applied to Christians. Apostle Peter, circumcised, said.
The entire Bible is revered by the Jews as sacred, but the Torah is especially revered. Every synagogue has handwritten Torah scrolls. Thanks to the rule that no scroll of the Torah can be destroyed, many of its ancient manuscripts have been preserved, which otherwise might have been lost.
In the first centuries of our era, a code of oral law was formed in Judaism ...
Should Christians follow the Law of Moses?
Christians were exempt from the Law, including circumcision. It has been described as an almost unbearable yoke around the neck. The yoke was, of course, a sign of slavery, and Christians were told not to be entangled by the "yoke of slavery." The law we read contains things that surprise us, such as forcing a rapist to marry his victim or to reject people born out of wedlock and their descendants. However, almost all of us read the Law in translation, which inevitably changes and distorts the text. Even less read it against the backdrop of checks, balances, and understanding of Jewish oral and legal tradition.
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BIBLE - Jewish Holy Scripture, a collection of ancient texts canonized in Judaism, as well as the name of the books that make up the Holy Scriptures of Christianity. It consists of two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The expression "Old Testament" is of Christian origin. The Apostle Paul was the first to give this name to the sacred books read and interpreted in the synagogue. The rabbis spoke simply of "Scripture" or "books" ("sefer"). As for the word "Bible", it was a tracing paper from the Greek ta biblia, i.e. "books", and eventually came to mean "Holy Scripture". The latter term (“kitvey ha-kodesh” - “Holy Scripture”) appeared in the Mishnaic era, which emphasized the difference between the Written Law recorded in the Bible and the Oral Law, which in this era was codified in the text of the Mishnah. Subsequently, in the Jewish environment, the acronym Tanakh, made up of the first letters of the names of three sections of the Bible: Torah, Neviim and Ketuvim, became commonly used. The Bible is a summary...
What does this mean for Christians?
Many of these laws, including food laws, were rejected in the New Testament. Consideration should also be given to Jeremiah's assessment of the Law.
Why are the biblical circumcision stories so vicious?
There has always been a nasty downside to circumcision. Whether Greek authorities killed Jews for circumcising their babies, Jewish fanatics forcibly circumcising uncircumcised Jewish boys, or Muslim fanatics forcibly circumcising Christian men, women, and children in Ambon, Indonesia, there has always been powerful underwater violence and sexual abuse associated with circumcision.0 0
The Bible is of great importance to the Jewish people. In addition to being considered a sacred book, it also contains traces of historical events Israel, occurring over almost two thousand years, from the birth of the Jews as a nation, starting from the forefather Abraham, and ending with the conquest of Judea by Alexander the Great. When it comes to the Jewish Bible, it usually refers to the Tanakh, which is the liturgical book of the Jews. The word "Tanakh" is an abbreviation made up of three words: Torah, Neviim, Ketuvim. The Tanakh is completely identical to the Christian Old Testament of the Bible, and differs only in the sequence of books included in it. Of particular importance for the Jews is the Torah - the Pentateuch of Moses, which contains all the laws by which the Jews are still trying to live. Neviim is the name of the books of the prophets, and Ketuvim is the writings of the saints. The Hebrew Bible had a great influence on the formation of Christianity and Islam and on the birth of the written heritage of these two religions.
The Bible tells us about circumcision as it is. Stories such as the circumcision and slaughter of the Shechemites or the dowry of 100 foreskin contain a hidden warning that was clearly stated by the apostle Paul when he said. Jesus was also wrapped in swaddling clothes and set up a manger. This does not mean that we should wrap babies tightly in cloth and place them in animal feeders or trim them. We do not do this to our children.
What did Jesus teach about circumcision and circumcision?
It is better to take to heart what Jesus taught about circumcision and circumcision. Jesus spoke about circumcision in the Temple in Jerusalem. That's why Moses gave you circumcision; and you, on the Sabbath, circumcise a man. Judge not by outward appearances, but judge righteous judgment. Jesus contrasted circumcision with his own healing, which made a person "complete and complete." Jesus, not judged by appearance, also hit the mark because its critics rejected those who weren't circumcised.
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Hebrew bible
An analysis of the history of the ancient Jews, as it is interpreted by the Bible, and in particular the origin of their "God's chosen people", logically requires the introduction of a chapter devoted to this brilliant and immortal creation.
The Hebrew Bible, also called the Old Testament and the Tanakh, is a book that is valued and revered by people belonging to a wide variety of religious and ethnic communities. The peculiarity of the Bible lies in the fact that it has been preserved as a living heritage of a living people, whose sons have been studying it and studying it for thousands of years. Through the mediation of this people, the Bible became the property of all mankind. The national work of the Jewish creative genius, containing the religious thinking of the Jews, their social ideals, their ancient epic and lyric poetry, has become a fundamental contribution to world culture and has become a creation of universal significance. The assessment of the Bible has changed in different historical epochs, starting from the time when it was considered as a Divine revelation, to which not only a critical approach is forbidden, but also where every word should be treated as a shrine, up to the tap of a negative approach of superficial rationalists - “Voltaireans » - XVIII century. in their struggle against the influence of the church.
But didn't Jesus mean that he made man completely healthy?
This is what you will read in most modern translations into English language. However, the Greek expression for making a person completely healthy could be translated as making him completely whole. This sense, with its powerful contrast to circumcision, easily passed into the King James version. The Jerusalem Bible understood that "to make a man whole and complete." Moffatt did it a little differently.
Are you furious with me to heal, not cut out, the whole body of a man on Saturday? A note in the Jerusalem and New Jerusalem Bible claims that the rabbis claimed that circumcision "heals" the penis, so they healed a little, but Jesus did a lot of healing. The great Jewish sage Moses Maimonds rejected this argument.
Biblical texts were created over hundreds of years and eventually took the form of individual books. Hence their name "bible", which means in Greek "books" (plural). The very name "Old" Testament implies the existence of a "New" Testament. This theological position is at the heart of Christianity. The arrangement of the books of the Christian Old Testament confirms this theological premise. In general, they are arranged in chronological order, with the exception of only prophetic books - they are all placed at the end to emphasize the Christian reading of the prophets, according to which the latter foreshadowed the coming of Christ. The term "Hebrew Bible" refers to the same books, but arranged in the traditional Judaic order.
The fact that circumcision weakens the capacity for sexual arousal, and sometimes perhaps diminishes pleasure, is undeniable. For if, at birth, this member was made to bleed and removed its covering, it must certainly be weakened.
What did the early church do about circumcision?
Moses Maimonds would have seen and understood the contrast that Jesus made between circumcising a man and making a man whole. Some said that Christians should follow the Law of Moses and be circumcised. The early church followed Peter and everyone was happy whether they were circumcised or not. The early church rejected the idea that Christians should be circumcised and follow the Law of Moses.
The Hebrew term Tanakh is nothing more than an acronym consisting of the first letters of the names of the original sections of the Hebrew Bible, different from those accepted in Christianity. The Hebrew Bible consists of the following sections: "Pentateuch" (Torah, lit. "Teaching"_), "Prophets" (Neviim) and "Scriptures" (Ketuvim). The biblical canon was finally approved around the beginning of our era. Thanks to the fact that everything written in the canonical books was declared sacred, the text of the Bible remained largely unchanged and was protected from distortions and additions by commentators. The Bible contains not only heterogeneous linguistic and stylistic layers, but also various, sometimes contradictory, social and spiritual tendencies. Despite this, in the biblical complex there is a unity of worldview, which is not only the result of the efforts of the collector of biblical texts, but also an expression of the main direction in which the spiritual development of the Jewish people went from the first days of tribal society to the time when the last books of the Bible were written.
What did Paul teach about circumcision?
Paul confirmed that circumcision was nothing and Christ was everything and in everything. Jeremiah already taught that circumcision in other nations was uncircumcised. Paul advised people to accept their destiny in life and not seek circumcision or uncircumcision, bondage or freedom.
Paul condemned the people he called false believers. These people pressured Christians to become circumcised. Paul was so indignant at this that he said. Paul taught that Jesus accepts people as they are and does not ask them to be circumcised or uncircumcised in order to become a Christian.
The Bible is a repository of the heritage of different eras, separated from each other by hundreds of years. Its highest imperative is “Strive for justice, strive for justice” (Deuteronomy XVI, 20). This trend sees in the pursuit of justice the pinnacle of moral relationships between people, as well as between individual and the community in which she lives.
If Paul was against circumcision, why did he say that circumcision has many benefits in every way. This is how most translations read Romans 3:1 However, this is not the only reading. "Literary translation" says. So what is the superiority of the Jew? or what is the profit of circumcision? largely; first, indeed, that they were entrusted with the oracles of God.
At that time the Jews were called "circumcision". It may just be another way of addressing Jews. Paul's words are best explained in context. In the verse immediately before the one quoted above, Paul said that true circumcision was spiritual, not literal. As for the profit or advantage of "circumcision", it came from the oracles of God that the Jews were entrusted with.
The Bible, as a sacred scripture, has served at all times as a source of religious inspiration for millions of believers due to the power of the religious feeling with which it is imbued, due to the fact that it emphasizes the value of a person as moral personality, responsible for their actions, and also due to the fact that it formed the basis of three world religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
Paul circumcised a man, but later he named the circumcisionists
Paul turned his back on circumcision. At first, he succumbed to pressure to circumcise Timothy. However, Paul categorically refused to circumcise Titus and speak out against these false believers with rage. He wanted them to castrate themselves, accusing them of wanting to "show well in the flesh" and "glorify in the flesh." In Philippians he warned believers to beware of those who mutilate the flesh. Finally, in Titus he says that "circumcision" "upsets" or "destroys" entire families and was in it for money. What he learned about circumcision changed his mind.
What is the cultural and historical significance of the Bible for modern man?
1. The Bible is a classic literary work that includes narrative prose, epic and lyrical poetry of Jewish folk music in antiquity, as well as collections of sayings and proverbs that express the worldly wisdom of the masses and the aspirations and searches of the individual. This monumental literary creation was a decisive factor in the revival of the Hebrew language and the new national literature in Hebrew, which accompanied the national awakening of the Jewish people and their return to their ancient homeland, which led to their independence in the State of Israel.
Was circumcision ever a Christian tradition?
Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant churches have never accepted circumcision. The only exception was the Coptic Church in Egypt, and the Council condemned this practice among them. Conventional infant circumcision was never filmed in Europe, but circumcision enthusiasts have been promoting it in English-speaking countries since the late Victorian era. As a result, some Christians have been misled into believing that Christianity recommends circumcision.
Does the Bible say circumcision has health benefits?
The Bible never makes such a claim. The Jewish authorities are hesitant to circumcise a child if two previous sons have died from circumcision. Even today, circumcisions lead to bleeding, infection, and sometimes death. The apostle Peter said that circumcision and the Jewish law are an unbearable burden. He was a married man and he lived before aseptic surgery, blood transfusions and antibiotics. Did he or someone close to him lose a child to be circumcised? We know that the first church council supported Peter, not circumcision enthusiasts.
2. The Bible is the source of the ideological creativity of the Jewish people, the most characteristic expression of which was individual morality and socio-ethical laws. I have in mind a complex of social institutions belonging to the most ancient codes of laws of this kind. In legislation, these principles formed the basis of an extensive system, such as fair treatment and assistance to a stranger and a stranger, as opposed to discrimination against strangers in most ancient societies.
What does the Bible say to parents who are in conflict over circumcision?
Her husband was adamant that his son was left untouched and took legal action to protect the child. The marriage fell apart in the flames of publicity. The couple's pastor tried to get the father to agree to the circumcision. I wonder what the apostle Paul would say to this pastor! He described those who push circumcision as.
Rebellious people, talkers and deceivers, especially circumcisions; they need to be silenced as they upset entire families by being educated for a filthy nature that is wrong to teach. It was one of them, their own prophet that said. For this reason, condemn them harshly so that they may ring out in the faith, regardless of the Jewish myths or the commandments of those who reject the truth.
3. The Bible is also the source of a particular historical outlook, according to which military power and political success, even if they led to the creation of a powerful empire and dominion over enslaved peoples, are by no means a criterion of historical justice. It is a weak people, enslaved by others, that can be the bearer of the ideas of humanity and justice.
Exceptional attention should be paid to the biblical idea of the peculiarity of the Jewish people ("kingdom of priests, holy nation"), which has been largely distorted by anti-Semites of all times.
The main goal of the canonization of the text and composition of the Bible was to create a strong and stable framework for the Jewish people - religious, moral and legal - for its original existence. However, this framework did not contain any element of isolation and separatism or hatred towards other peoples.
These foundations were supposed to serve as a spiritual ideal for the whole people, as a collective, and for each individual person, and this was precisely in the era of Eastern despotisms, in which the ordinary person was considered only a labor force serving ruling class and in no case could be the bearer of spiritual values.
The idea of "chosenness", exclusive to the Jewish people, placing heavy duties on them, left its imprint on the entire Bible. It gives a certain tendentiousness even to its historiographical parts. However, it is precisely this tendentiousness that leads to the fact that biblical historiographers do not evaluate kings by their military or political successes, but by their fidelity to religious and moral principles. So, instead of the deification of the kingdom and power, generally accepted in the Eastern despotisms, the creators of the Bible erected a religious and moral criterion for the pedestal of the highest ideal.
The fighters for the implementation of these ideas in Israel in biblical times were the prophets. In the Jewish people, prophecy developed and rose to the level of a political, social and moral mission. Prophecy expresses the most perfect social, religious and moral ideas that have matured in the Hebrew society as a whole. The prophets, as well as the priests, spoke in the name of the God of Israel, but the moral and social laws they proclaimed in his name were not intended to protect the privileges of the priestly class, but, on the contrary, to fight against the ruling classes, against the priests, kings and courtiers.
Very characteristic, for example, are the words of Isaiah, addressing the people on behalf of God in the 8th century. BC: “Why do I need a lot of your victims? - says the Lord - I am satiated with burnt offerings of rams ... Wash yourself, cleanse yourself; remove your evil deeds from my eyes; stop doing evil. Learn to do good; seek the truth; save the oppressed; protect the orphan; intercede for the widow."
There is no doubt that these ideals, which found their expression in the biblical books, and primarily in the words of the prophets, became the factor due to which crystallized identity of the Jewish people, and perhaps this is what Heinrich Heine had in mind when he called the Bible the “portable homeland” of the Jewish people. Indeed, it is an indisputable historical fact that the Jewish people are the only people of the ancient East that were not absorbed by others and did not disappear from the face of the earth after the loss of their independence (in 586 BC), but retained their language and his national culture and religious identity - and, returning to his homeland from the Babylonian captivity after 538, he began to lay the foundation for the resumption of his national existence, albeit in new conditions and in new creative ways, different from the biblical ones.
