The influence of social factors on the health of the child. Health problems of the younger generation and prevention of its preservation

Prevention of its preservation.
The health of adolescents in any society and in any socio-economic and political situations is the most urgent problem and a matter of utmost importance, since it determines the country's future, the gene pool of the nation, the scientific and economic potential of society and, along with other demographic indicators. Of course, the state of health factors such as unfavorable social and environmental conditions have a significant impact. A sharply negative environmental situation, place of residence, significantly increases their incidence and reduces the potential of the body. The health of adolescents, on the one hand, is sensitive to impacts, on the other hand, it is quite interesting by its nature: the gap between the impact and the result can be significant, reaching several years, and, probably, today we know only the initial manifestations of unfavorable population shifts in the health of children and adolescents. , as well as the entire population of Russia. Therefore, it is important to understand the fundamental laws of its development on the basis of the patterns of formation of the health of the younger generation, to direct the actions of society to change adverse trends, until the life potential of the country's population has suffered irreversibly.

The health of the child population is an integral parameter resulting from the influence of genetic inclinations, social, cultural, environmental, medical and other factors, i.e. is a complex result of the complex interaction of man with nature and society.

According to official statistics, in recent years there has been a persistent trend towards a deterioration in the health of children of both preschool and school age. Over the past five years, there has been a marked increase in the incidence of neoplasms, diseases of the endocrine system and disorders of nutrition, metabolism, diseases of the digestive system.

The Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents of the SCCH RAMS notes that the features of negative changes in children's health in recent years are the following:

1. A significant decrease in the number of absolutely healthy children. Thus, among students their number does not exceed 10-12%.

2. The rapid increase in the number of functional disorders and chronic diseases over the past 10 years in all age groups. The frequency of functional disorders increased by 1.5 times, chronic diseases - by 2 times. Half of schoolchildren 7-9 years old and more than 60% of high school students have chronic diseases.

3. Change in the structure of chronic pathology. The proportion of diseases of the digestive system has doubled, the share of diseases of the musculoskeletal system has increased four times, and diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract have tripled.

4. An increase in the number of schoolchildren with several diagnoses. 10-11 years old - 3 diagnoses, 16-17 years old - 3-4 diagnoses, and 20% of high school students - adolescents have a history of 5 or more functional disorders and chronic diseases.

A particularly important characteristic of health in modern conditions is the physical development of children, among whom the proportion of existing deviations is increasing, especially in connection with a lack of body weight. The real factor in the formation of these deviations is a decrease in the standard of living, the inability to provide adequate nutrition for children.

General and local environmental problems begin to affect the deep processes of health formation, including changes in the processes of age dynamics, the appearance of shifts in the clinic and nature of diseases, the duration of the course and the resolution of pathological processes, which, in principle, are found everywhere, i.e. affecting human biology.

The identified health problems of modern children and adolescents require close attention not only of medical workers, but also of teachers, parents, and the public. A special place and responsibility in this healing process is assigned to the educational system, which can and should make the educational process health-saving.

Thus, an assessment of the current state and trends in the health of children and adolescents indicates a serious problem, which can lead to significant restrictions in the future implementation of their biological and social functions. And in this case, we are talking not only about the state of health of modern adolescents, but about the future of Russia.

concept prevention health is a system of measures (collective and individual) aimed at preventing or eliminating the causes of the disease, which differ in nature. One of the most important areas in medicine, starting from the time of Hippocrates (about 460-370 BC), Avicenna - (Abu Ali ibn Sina, about 980-1037), is the prevention of diseases. Translated from Greek, prevention means the prevention of certain diseases, the preservation of health and the extension of human life.

The ideas of disease prevention, along with diagnostics and treatment, as components of medical science, originated in ancient times and usually consisted in observing the rules of personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle. Gradually there was an idea of the paramount importance of preventive measures. In the period of antiquity, in the works of Hippocrates and other physicians, it was said that it is easier to prevent a disease than to cure it. Subsequently, this position was shared by many doctors, including Russian physicians of the 18th - 19th centuries.

Since 1917, the preventive direction of the social policy of domestic health care has been the leading one, this was the main advantage of the domestic health care system, which was repeatedly recognized by physicians in other countries

In recent years, prevention has become of great importance and particular importance due to the fact that the treatment of a disease is a very expensive "pleasure" and to prevent a disease, to do everything to preserve a person's health for many years, is easier, simpler and more reliable than to cure a disease, Prevention is first and foremost a healthy lifestyle.

Health is influenced by many external factors. Many of them have a negative impact. These, first of all, should include: violation of the hygienic requirements of the daily routine, diet, educational process; calorie deficiencies; adverse environmental factors; bad habits; aggravated or dysfunctional heredity; low level of medical care, etc. One of the most effective ways to counteract these factors is to follow the rules of a healthy lifestyle (HLS). Scientists have determined that the state of human health is the most - 50%, depends on lifestyle, and the remaining 50% falls on ecology (20%), heredity (20%), medicine (10%) (i.e., independent of cause person). In turn, in a healthy lifestyle, the main role is given to properly organized motor activity, which is about 30% of the fifty.

Healthy lifestyle- the only remedy for all diseases at once. It is aimed at preventing not each disease individually, but all together. Therefore, it is especially rational, economical and desirable. A healthy lifestyle is the only lifestyle capable of restoring, maintaining and improving the health of the population. Therefore, the formation of this style in the life of the population is the most important social technology of national importance and scale. A healthy lifestyle is a multifaceted concept, it is an active activity of people aimed at maintaining and strengthening health as a condition and prerequisite for the implementation and development of other aspects and aspects of lifestyle, to overcome "risk factors", the emergence and development of diseases, optimal use in the interests of protection and improving the health of social and natural conditions and lifestyle factors. In a narrower and more concrete form - the most favorable manifestation of medical activity for public and individual health. The formation of a healthy lifestyle is the main lever of primary prevention as an initial, and therefore a decisive link in strengthening the health of the population through lifestyle changes, its improvement, the fight against unhygienic behavior and bad habits, and overcoming other adverse aspects of lifestyle. The organization of a healthy lifestyle in accordance with the state program for strengthening disease prevention and health promotion requires the joint efforts of state, public associations, medical institutions and the population itself.

The introduction of the main elements of prevention in the form of hygiene behavior skills should be included in the system of preschool and school education of children and adolescents, reflected in the system of health education (which is increasingly focused on promoting a healthy lifestyle), physical culture and sports. The formation of a healthy lifestyle is the most important duty of all medical and preventive, sanitary and anti-epidemic institutions and public formations.

Currently, work is underway on a healthy lifestyle. A system of socialist health care exists and is being strengthened in practice, which guarantees every citizen the constitutional right to health protection as the most important task of social policy. Our healthcare system, embodying the general direction - disease prevention. This is a complex of socio-economic and medical measures to prevent the occurrence of diseases, their causes and risk factors. The most effective means of prevention, as mentioned, may be the formation of a healthy lifestyle.

A healthy lifestyle combines everything that contributes to the performance of professional, social and domestic functions by a person in optimal conditions for health and expresses the orientation of the individual towards the formation, preservation and strengthening of both individual and public health. For the correct and effective organization of a healthy lifestyle, it is necessary to systematically monitor your lifestyle and strive to comply with the following conditions: sufficient physical activity, proper nutrition, the presence of clean air and water, constant hardening, perhaps a greater connection with nature; compliance with the rules of personal hygiene; rejection of bad habits; rational mode of ore and rest. Together, this is called the observance of a healthy lifestyle - healthy lifestyle.

Healthy lifestyle (HLS)- this is the process of observance by a person of certain norms, rules and restrictions in everyday life, contributing to the preservation of health, optimal adaptation of the body to environmental conditions, a high level of performance in educational and professional activities. A healthy lifestyle as a system consists of three main interrelated elements, three types of culture: nutrition, movement, emotions.

Separate health-improving methods and procedures do not provide the desired and stable improvement of health, because they do not affect the integral psychological structure of a person. And Socrates said that "the body is no longer separate and independent of the soul."

Food culture. In a healthy lifestyle, nutrition is a defining backbone, as it has a positive effect on motor activity and emotional stability.

Movement culture. Only aerobic physical exercises (walking, jogging, swimming, skiing, etc.) in natural conditions have a healing effect.

The culture of emotions. Negative emotions have a huge destructive power, positive emotions preserve health and contribute to success.

The current education system does not contribute to the formation of a healthy lifestyle, so the knowledge of adults about a healthy lifestyle did not become their beliefs. At school, recommendations for a healthy lifestyle are often taught to children in a didactic and categorical form, which causes positive reactions in them. And adults, including teachers, rarely adhere to these rules. Adolescents are not engaged in the formation of their health, as this requires strong-willed efforts, but are mainly engaged in the prevention of health disorders and the rehabilitation of the lost.

A healthy lifestyle should be purposefully and constantly formed during a person's life, and not depend on circumstances and life situations. In order to preserve the health of children and adolescents, protect them from the adverse effects of the environment and create targeted positive effects on the growing body, systematic medical monitoring of the health of the younger generation and systematically the conditions of education and training is carried out. These functions are performed by the medical and preventive and sanitary and anti-epidemic health services.

One of the components of a healthy lifestyle is the rejection of health destroyers: smoking, drinking alcohol and drugs. There is an extensive literature on the health consequences that result from these addictions. If we talk about the school, then the actions of the teacher should not be aimed at ensuring that the student quits smoking, drinking alcohol and drugs, but that the student does not start doing this. In other words, prevention is key.

The effectiveness of the formation of a healthy lifestyle in adolescents is due to the fact that the life position is only being developed, and the ever-increasing independence makes their perception of the world around them equipped, turning the boy and girl into inquisitive researchers who form their life credo. Health plays a certain role in a person's life, especially at a young age. Its level largely determines the possibility of professional improvement, creative growth, completeness of perception, and hence satisfaction with life.

The family, as well as the school, is an important environment for the formation of personality and the main institution of education, is responsible for recreation, determines the way of life. The social microenvironment, in which adolescents are introduced to social values and the roles of family labor activity: the attitude of parents, household work, family education, are a complex of targeted pedagogical influences.

Vasilyeva O.V., paying attention to the presence of a number of components of health in particular, such as physical, mental, social and spiritual health, considers the factors that have a predominant influence on each of them. So, among the main factors affecting physical health are: the system of nutrition, respiration, physical activity, hardening, hygiene procedures. Mental health is primarily affected by the system of a person's relationship to himself, other people, life in general; his life goals and values, personal characteristics. The social health of an individual depends on the conformity of personal and professional self-determination, satisfaction with family and social status, the flexibility of life strategies and their compliance with the sociocultural situation (economic, social and psychological conditions). And, finally, spiritual health, which is the purpose of life, is influenced by high morality, meaningfulness and fullness of life, creative relationships and harmony with oneself and the world around, Love and Faith. At the same time, the author emphasizes that the consideration of these factors as separately affecting each component of health is rather conditional, since all of them are closely interconnected.

Living conditions and work activities, as well as the character and habits of a person form the way of life of each of us. For the growing and developing body of schoolchildren, compliance with the daily routine (the correct schedule of educational work and rest, good sleep, sufficient exposure to fresh air, etc.) is of particular importance. Lifestyle is a health factor, unhealthy lifestyle is a risk factor. Human health depends on many factors: hereditary, socio-economic, environmental, health system performance. But a special place among them is occupied by a person's lifestyle. The next part of this work is devoted to a more detailed consideration of the importance of lifestyle for health.

Knowledge of all the factors affecting the state of human health form the basis of science - valeology, the main core of this science is a healthy lifestyle, on which health and longevity depend. A healthy lifestyle is formed by all aspects and manifestations of society, is associated with the personal-motivational embodiment of the individual's social, psychological and physiological capabilities and abilities. On how successfully it is possible to form and consolidate in the mind the principles and skills of a healthy lifestyle at a young age, subsequently depends on all activities that impede the disclosure of the potential of the individual.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle is a multifaceted complex task, the successful solution of which requires the efforts of all links of the state social mechanism. In order to preserve the health of children and adolescents, protect them from the adverse effects of the environment and create targeted positive effects on the growing body, systematic medical monitoring of the health of the younger generation and systematically the conditions of education and training is carried out. These functions are performed by the medical and preventive and sanitary and anti-epidemic health services.

Speaking about the formation of attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle of the younger generation in general and about the fight against bad habits in particular, one cannot fail to mention the school. After all, it is there, for many years, that young people not only learn, acquire communication skills with adults and peers, but also develop an attitude towards many life values for almost a lifetime. Thus, the school is the most important stage when it is possible and necessary to form the right attitude towards a healthy lifestyle. The school is an ideal place where for a long time you can give the necessary knowledge and develop healthy lifestyle skills to a large contingent of children of different ages. The family, as well as the school, is an important environment for the formation of personality and the main institution of education, is responsible for recreation, determines the way of life. The social microenvironment, in which adolescents are introduced to social values and the roles of family labor activity: the attitude of parents, household work, family education, are a complex of targeted pedagogical influences.

Thus, among the most important tasks of social educators is to provide optimal conditions for study, work, and the entire way of life, contributing to the completion of the formation of a young organism. Therefore, in relation to adolescent students, the following main tasks are envisaged:

Development and implementation, on the basis of perfect achievements of science, of optimal sanitary and hygienic standards both for educational and recreational premises, and for educational and production workload, as well as for summer work of adolescents;

Regular physical education and sports;

Consideration of the network of health facilities for teenagers;

Improving work on medical prevention among adolescents, providing them with medical examinations;

Creation of a system of hygienic education of adolescents and their parents;

Promotion of healthy lifestyles.

THE PROBLEM OF HEALTH-SAVING AND HEALTH-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

Kvetko I.L., Chuprakova I.V.

Russian Federation, Kotlas, MOU "Secondary School No. 91"

what you don't want

drink what you don't like

and do things you don't like.

M. Twain

Modern education is faced with the most difficult problem - not only to educate the younger generation, but also to maintain sustainable health. The results of medical examinations indicate that 25-30% of children who came to the first grade have physical disabilities or chronic diseases; only 8-10% of school graduates can be considered healthy. These data indicate that the health of children is declining catastrophically, the task of each school is to preserve and strengthen the health of schoolchildren, because success in learning is associated not only with the level of a person’s intellectual capabilities, but also with the level of health of the student.

Preserving the health of a student begins, first of all, with the organization of the educational process.

An educational institution should act as an initiator and organizer of purposeful and effective work to preserve and promote health. The administration and teachers of schools, medical workers, families should work closely together to achieve the highest results of such work.

The concept of health-saving activities of an educational institution includes the forms and methods of moral and hygienic education, the conditions for fulfilling the rules and requirements of mental hygiene, the organization of rational nutrition and personal hygiene, active motor mode and systematic physical education, thoughtful organization of leisure.

Recently, the computer has become an integral part of our lives. It opens up huge opportunities for us, a fast and affordable way to search for information, interesting leisure, the opportunity to communicate with relatives and friends. But, despite the positive aspects of information technology, the computer is a huge danger. It's no secret that the impact of a computer on human health is great, especially if you do not follow sanitary rules when working.

So that the computer does not turn out to be an enemy, but turns into a very useful tool that makes life very easy, you need to reasonably approach the organization of the workplace, the correct selection of occupations, time allocation, and the use of simple exercises to relieve fatigue and stress.

The main harmful factors when working at a computer:

cramped posture,

Diseases of the joints of the hands,

Labored breathing,

The development of osteochondrosis,

The presence of radiation from the monitor,

Mental stress and stress in case of loss of information,

Computer addiction.

The development of ICT and the introduction of Federal State Educational Standards provides for the use of a computer in the educational process.

What should the teacher do to ensure the safe cooperation of the child with the computer at school?

1. Create appropriate working conditions in the office:

Air-thermal mode (optimal temperature support 19 - 21 0 C and relative humidity 50 - 60%, regular airing of the cabinet),

Illumination (you can combine natural and artificial lighting),

Cleanliness of the office (perform daily wet cleaning),

Aesthetics of the office (use calm light colors for furniture, walls, floor and ceiling),

2. Systematically carry out gymnastics for the eyes, exercises to improve cerebral circulation, relieve fatigue from the shoulder girdle and arms, from the torso and legs, as well as general-purpose physical education.

3. Carefully monitor the implementation of sanitary and hygienic standards.

4. Create a favorable emotional climate(in some cases it is a kind word or folk wisdom, in others it is humor, but one should always try to understand the student and help him), students should not be embarrassed or afraid to ask for clarification or help.

5. Alternate different types of work, because Changing activities is an essential condition for health saving.

Given these factors of the computer's harmful effect on the human body, parents can help organize the safest environment for the child at home when interacting with the computer, or the children themselves can do this (with sufficient self-organization).

To relieve eye strain:

It is necessary to properly organize the lighting of the computer desk, sunlight should not fall on the monitor, as glare on the screen contributes to eye fatigue,

Monitor the cleanliness of the screen and monitor settings (brightness, contrast),

Choose a table and chair that allow you to maintain the optimal distance from the screen to the eyes (50-70cm),

It is necessary to take breaks every 10-20 minutes - to give rest to the eyes.

With prolonged sitting with lowered shoulders, a permanent change in the musculoskeletal system may occur. To avoid a cramped position, a child needs:

In the process of working on a computer, it is necessary to monitor the observance of the correct posture,

Work at a special computer desk with a pull-out keyboard board that allows him to change his posture,

Sit on a special height-adjustable swivel chair (the height of the chair can be changed according to the height of the child),

Regularly interrupt "communication" with the computer, get up, move around, do mini-exercises.

Recently, computer games have become very popular among young people. Working on a computer requires a lot of concentration. Games require a lot of pressure. The negative picture is supplemented by the appearance of psychological dependence, which is expressed in the following pathological symptoms: the child develops a sense of imaginary superiority over others, the ability to switch to other entertainment is lost, and poverty of the emotional sphere is revealed. Some computer games provoke aggressive behavior among young users, create a cult of violence and war. The narrowing of the circle of interests of the child, the departure from reality to the creation of their own "virtual" world are also highlighted as negative consequences. In this regard, in everyday life there should be more "live" sincere communication, you need to communicate, pay attention to what he does and what worries him.

Many parents do not always have the opportunity to personally control the use of a child's home computer, you can install a program to limit the time spent on the computer for children and adolescents, which allows you to create a schedule for your child's work at the computer and automatically monitor compliance with it, prohibit the launch of unwanted games and programs, block access to unwanted sites on the Internet.

Children's interest in the computer is huge, and we need to direct it in a useful direction. The computer should become an equal partner for the child, able to respond very subtly to all his actions and requests. On the one hand, he is a patient teacher and a wise mentor, an assistant in studies, and later in work, and on the other hand, a creator of fairy-tale worlds and brave heroes, a friend with whom it is not boring. Compliance with the simple rules of working on a computer will allow you to maintain health and at the same time open up a world of great opportunities for your child.

Bibliography

1. Bezrukikh M. M. Health saving school. - M .: Moscow Psychological and Social Institute, 2004

2. Voloshchuk A.N., Influence of a computer on human health, 2004 electronic resource: http://referat.ru/referats/view/22617.

3. Gymnastics at the computer

electronic resource: http://vi-ta.ru/forum/archive/index.php/t-2600.html

4. Health-saving technologies

electronic resource: http://wmarina2007.narod.ru/zdorovesberezhenie

5. Computer - friend or foe? // Parent meetings: grades 1-4 / E.O. Yaremenko, E.K. Lobachev. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - S. 146-159

6. Smirnov N. K. Health-saving technologies in the work of teachers and schools / N. K. Smirnov. – M.: ARKTI. - 2003. - 272 p.

7. Styazhkina V. A., Development of health-saving competence of a teacher

electronic resource: http://www.ipkpro.ruwww.ipkpro.ru/library/method/tradnov/

2012/2/Styazhkina%20V.A.doc

8. To make the computer a friend//Handbook of the class teacher: personal development, educational activities, spiritual and physical development of the student. Grades 1-4 / L.I. Salyakhov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. – M.: Globus, 2009. – 247-248

9. Shchurkova, N.E. and others. New technologies of the educational process / N.E. Shchurkov. - M., 1994.

The problem of preserving and strengthening the health of preschool children has always been relevant. The history of domestic and foreign education shows that the problem of the health of the younger generation arose from the moment the human society appeared and was considered differently at subsequent stages of its development.

In ancient Greece, special education systems stood out: Spartan and Athenian. In the conditions of the harsh military system of life of the landed aristocracy, education in Sparta was of a pronounced military-physical nature. The ideal was a hardy and courageous warrior. A vivid picture of Spartan education was drawn by Plutarch in the biography of the Spartan legislator Lycurgus. Education in Athens assumed intellectual development and the development of body culture. The works of Socrates and Aristotle contain views on the need to form the physical culture of the body.

In full accordance with the ancient ideal of man, teachers of the Renaissance took care of the health of children, developed a method of physical education - Tommaso Campanella, Francois Rabelais, Thomas More, Michel Montaigne.

In the pedagogical theory of the 17th century, the principle of utility was considered the guiding principle of education. Teachers of that time paid great attention to the care of improving the health of children. John Locke, in his main work Thoughts on Education, offers a carefully designed system of physical education for the future gentleman, proclaiming his basic rule: "A healthy mind in a healthy body is a brief but complete description of a happy state in this world ...". Locke describes in detail the methods of hardening, substantiates the importance of a strict regimen in the life of a child, gives advice on clothing, food, walks, and sports.

For the first time in the history of Russian pedagogical thought, the Russian educator Epiphanius Slavinetsky, in his pedagogical essay Citizenship of Children's Customs, tried to give a set of rules that children should have followed in their behavior. It says how to treat your clothes, appearance, how to follow the rules of hygiene.

The ideas of the physical development of the child through work, exercises, war games, campaigns were put forward by Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and Adolf Diesterweg.

In Russia, progressive public figures and educators I. I. Betskoy, N. I. Novikov, and F. I. Yankovich worked to transform the cause of education. N. I. Novikov in the article "On the upbringing and instruction of children" notes that "... the first main part of upbringing is the care of the body, since the education of the body is already necessary even then, when there is no other education yet ..."

At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, a social movement in the field of public education was growing in Russia. At this time, P.F. Lesgaft, a prominent scientist, organizer of the pedagogical movement for the introduction of physical education in schools and children's institutions, was working. In the work "Guide to the physical education of schoolchildren" Lesgaft offers an original system of physical education based on the law of gradualness and sequence of development and the law of harmony.

During the formation of Soviet pedagogy, the main attention was paid to the labor education of the younger generation in an organic connection with the mental, physical and aesthetic. The health of the child was considered in his development through the performance of physical labor (N. K. Krupskaya, P. P. Blonsky, S. T. Shatsky, V. N. Shatskaya, A. S. Makarenko, etc.). A wide network of children's institutions of a new type was created, health grounds, outdoor schools - forest, steppe, seaside, sanatorium.

In 1980, I. I. Brekhman proposed the term "valueology", which designated a direction in science related to the study and formation of health, the identification of methods for its active formation. At the intersection of human sciences, a new direction in pedagogical science is developing - pedagogical valueology as the science of including a person in the process of shaping one's health (G.K. Zaitsev, V.V. Kolbanov, L.G. Tatarnikova).

The concept of preschool education (1989) identified the formation, and not just the preservation and strengthening of the health of children of early and preschool age, as a priority.

Law of the Russian Federation of July 10, 1992 No. 32661 "On Education", as well as Federal Laws of March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population" and of April 10, 2000 No. 51-FZ "On Approval of the Federal Program for the Development of Education" educational institutions are responsible for the life and health of students and pupils during the educational process.

The Law on Education in paragraph 1 of article 2, among the main principles of state policy in the field of education, proclaims “the priority ... of human health” (paragraph 1 of article 2), and in paragraph 3.3. Article 32 establishes that an educational institution is responsible for the life and health of students during the educational process (clause 3.3. Article 32). In these regulations, the emphasis is on protecting the health of children. In paragraph 1 of Art. 51 of the Law on Education, in addition to these provisions, it is required from an educational institution "to create conditions that guarantee the protection and promotion of the health of students."

According to the World Health Organization, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

The sociological concept of health includes:

A state opposite to illness, the fullness of a person's life manifestations;

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity;

The natural state of the body, characterized by its balance with the environment and the absence of any painful changes;

The state of optimal life activity of the subject (personality and social community), the presence of prerequisites and conditions for its comprehensive and long-term activity in the areas of social practice;

Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the state of human life and social community.

Currently, it is customary to distinguish several components (types) of health:

Somatic health is the current state of the organs and systems of the human body, the basis of which is the biological program of individual development, mediated by the basic needs that dominate at various stages of ontogenetic development. These needs, firstly, are the trigger mechanism for human development, and secondly, they ensure the individualization of this process.

Physical health is the level of growth and development of organs and systems of the body, which is based on morphophysiological and functional reserves that provide adaptive reactions.

Mental health is a state of the mental sphere, the basis of which is the state of general mental comfort, which provides an adequate behavioral response. This state is due to both biological and social needs, as well as the ability to satisfy them.

Moral health is a set of characteristics of the motivational and need-informative sphere of life, the basis of which is determined by the system of values, attitudes and motives of the individual's behavior in society. Moral health mediates the spirituality of a person, since it is connected with the universal truths of goodness, love and beauty.

Thus, the concept of health reflects the quality of the body's adaptation to environmental conditions and represents the result of the process of interaction between a person and the environment; the state of health itself is formed as a result of the interaction of external (natural and social) and internal (heredity, gender, age) factors.

In pedagogical science, the concept of "health saving" has been used since the 90s of the XX century. and reflected the specifics of attitudes towards the preservation of children's health through the organization of the educational process in different periods: "protect health" - "do not burden" - "health care" - "health promotion" - "health protection" - "valeology" - " health care".

Currently, in the concept of "health saving" scientists distinguish various aspects: self-actualization and self-fulfillment, physical self-development and self-education, integration of physical education. In accordance with the foregoing, health saving will be considered as a process that includes a set of specially organized sports and recreation, educational, sanitary and hygienic, medical and preventive, etc. activities of a person for a fully healthy life at each stage of his age development.

Health saving in the personal aspect is a way of expressing a person's individuality in life, implemented through physical culture and recreation activities, which are provided in an educational institution by the process of physical education. The main place in health saving is given to physical culture and health-improving activities, because the use of physical education has received a leading place in the system of preventive measures aimed at correcting health.

Health saving as a system characterizes the actual health saving aspect of the functioning of an educational institution of the appropriate level and profile. Any such system consists of the following interrelated components:

The goals of health-saving activities;

Methods of health saving (procedurally understood technology of health saving activities); Means used in the process of health saving;
Organizational norms in which health-saving activities are implemented with one effect or another.

Thus, health protection is understood as a process that includes a set of specially organized sports and recreation, educational, sanitary and hygienic, medical and preventive and other human activities for a fully healthy life at each stage of its age development.

The health-saving pedagogical process of a preschool educational institution - in the broadest sense of the word - the process of educating and educating preschool children in the mode of health saving and health enrichment; a process aimed at ensuring the physical, mental and social well-being of the child. Health saving and health enrichment are the most important conditions for organizing the pedagogical process in a preschool educational institution.

In a narrower sense of the word, it is a specially organized, developing over time and within a certain educational system, the interaction of children and teachers, aimed at achieving the goals of health saving and health enrichment in the course of education, upbringing and training.

The system of health-saving education, along with providing the necessary conditions for the full natural development of the child, contributes to the formation of his conscious need for health, understanding the basics of a healthy lifestyle, and provides practical mastering of the skills to preserve and strengthen physical and mental health.

2. Preschool programs for the preservation and promotion of children's health

At the present stage of development of education, there are several concepts of the physical development of preschool children. The philosophy of this or that program is based on a certain view of the authors on the child, on the laws of his development, and, consequently, on the creation of conditions that contribute to the formation of the personality, protect his identity and reveal the creative potential of each pupil. The development of children's motor activity should proceed in the form of their familiarization with physical culture as a natural component of universal human culture in the proper sense of the word.

An important role in the work of the kindergarten in preserving and shaping the health of the child is played by such programs as: “The program of education and training in kindergarten (team of authors: M. A. Vasilyeva, V. V. Gerbova, T. S. Komarova);

A program for preschool educational institutions and a methodological set “Fundamentals of safety for preschool children” (team of authors: H. N. Avdeeva, O. L. Knyazeva, R. B. Sterkina);

A comprehensive program and methodological guide for teachers of preschool institutions "Rainbow" (group of authors: V. V. Gerbova, T. N. Doronova, T. I. Grizik);

Health-saving technology of separate education (author V. F. Bazarny) and others.

T. N. Doronova, a candidate of pedagogical sciences, in her program "Rainbow" draws attention to the upbringing and development of kindergarten children; she preferred the most important subject of education - physical culture - as the main component. “Human health depends on how physical education work with children is organized. A child in preschool childhood should feel muscular joy and love movement, this will help him carry the need for movement through his whole life, join sports and a healthy lifestyle.

She defined the main forms of work with children in the chapter "Raising a healthy child" on the motor regime, hardening, physical culture and health work. All the work is presented in the sections “Forming the habit of a healthy lifestyle”, “Daily mode of life”, “Wakefulness”, “Sleep”, “Nutrition”, “Health skills”, “Forming a culture of movements”.

Gradually, the child masters the basic cultural and hygienic skills, gets acquainted with the elements of self-control during a variety of motor activities. It highlights the issues of behavior in situations that threaten the life and health of children, the ability to avoid or even anticipate them, which are important at the present stage.

T. N. Doronova disclosed the means and forms of physical education. These are hygienic factors, hygiene of the nervous system, physical exercises. Preventive, developing, therapeutic, rehabilitation orientation in the selection of physical exercises.

The program of the group of authors under the leadership of L. A. Wenger "Development", which contains two theoretical provisions: the theory of A. V. Zaporozhets about the intrinsic value of the preschool period of development, the transition from a utilitarian understanding of preschool childhood to a humanistic understanding, and the concept of L. A. Wenger about the development of abilities, which are understood as universal actions of orientation in the environment with the help of figurative means of solving problems specific to the preschooler.

This program does not contain tasks for the physical development of the child. M. D. Makhaneva and Doctor of Psychology O. M. Dyachenko in 2000 developed methodological recommendations for raising a healthy child for the “Development” program. They contain, on the one hand, a general description of the means that ensure the health of the child (hygienic, hardening, physical exercises), on the other hand, specific descriptions of physical education classes held in the gym. They are valuable because they allow you to use them when planning the most diverse aspects of organizing a healthy lifestyle for children, combining classes in the "Development" program and a number of additional ones with carrying out the necessary recreational activities.

M. D. Makhaneva pays great attention to the proper nutrition of children. On the need for its completeness. She criticizes the generally accepted system of physical education, which cannot solve problems at the present stage, since it does not take into account the specific conditions of children's institutions in different regions of Russia, does not provide for a differentiated approach to children in accordance with their individual characteristics and health, and does not meet the needs of children in movement .

V. T. Kudryavtsev - Doctor of Psychology, B. B. Egorov - Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences defined the idea of an integrated interdisciplinary approach to the issue of physical education of a preschooler, and a developing pedagogy of health improvement arose in 2000. Their program and methodological manual reflects two lines of health-improving and developmental work: 1) familiarization with physical culture, 2) a developing form of health-improving work.

The authors of the program proceed from the premise that a child is an integral spiritual and bodily organism - a mediator and a transformer of natural and social and environmental ties that are significant for him. The educational and health-improving effect is seen in the upbringing of the child's ability to meaningfully regulate these connections through special forms of motor-playing activity.

The general goal of this program and methodological material is to form the motor sphere and create psychological and pedagogical conditions for the development of children's health based on their creative activity.

In the program "Fundamentals of safety of preschoolers" V. A. Ananiev in the sections "Human health and the environment", "Health and lifestyle of a person" sets the tasks of developing children's physical activity: they need to be taught to take care of their health and the health of others, to form personal skills hygiene, give knowledge about healthy food, orient children to a healthy lifestyle, give basic knowledge about what an infectious disease is, what needs to be done so as not to get infected. Ways to solve problems: classes, games - classes, visual activities, walks, hygiene procedures, tempering activities, games, sports events, holidays, conversations, reading literature, the use of emotionally attractive forms, work with parents aimed at improving children's health and developing them physical activity
The program "Fundamentals of Life Safety for Preschool Children" was developed by N. N. Avdeeva and R. B. Sterkina, Candidates of Psychological Sciences, O. L. Knyazeva, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences. The authors note that safety and a healthy lifestyle are not just the sum of knowledge acquired by children, but a lifestyle, adequate behavior in various life situations, including unexpected ones.

Determining the main content of the work on life safety and the direction of development of children, the authors of the program considered it necessary to highlight such rules of behavior that children must strictly follow, since their health and safety of life depend on this. The main content of the work on the program should be built, according to the authors, in several areas: “Child and other people”, “Child and nature”, “Child at home”, “Emotional well-being of the child”, “Child on the streets of the city”, “Child health ".

The content of the section "Health of the child" the authors of the content of the section direct to the formation of the child's ideas about health as one of the main values of life. A child must know his body, learn to take care of it, not harm his body. The teacher working on this program should tell the children how the human body works, how the main systems and organs work (musculoskeletal, muscular, digestive, excretory, blood circulation, respiration, nervous system, sensory organs). At the same time, it is important to form in the child the ability to listen to his body, help him work rhythmically, respond in time to signals that indicate the state of all organs and systems.

So, the analysis of the content of modern programs for preschool institutions allows us to conclude that, despite the differences in concepts, approaches, methods and means of solving the problem of improving the health of preschool children, in the content of each program, the authors recognize the problem of preserving children's health as a priority and give it priority. meaning. The programs offer to be active in the work of not only teachers, but also the children themselves, parents.

3. Health-saving technologies in the pedagogical process of preschool educational institutions

The essence of pedagogical technology lies in the fact that it has a pronounced phasing (step by step), includes a set of specific professional actions at each stage, allowing the teacher to foresee the intermediate and final results of his own professional and pedagogical activity even in the design process.

Pedagogical technology is distinguished by: concreteness and clarity of goals and objectives; the presence of stages: primary diagnosis; selection of content, forms, methods and techniques of its implementation; using a set of means in a certain logic with the organization of intermediate diagnostics of achieving the goal, criteria-based assessment of results. The most important characteristic of pedagogical technology is its reproducibility. Any pedagogical technology should be health-saving.

Health-saving technologies in preschool education technologies aimed at solving the priority task of modern preschool education - the task of preserving, maintaining and enriching the health of the subjects of the pedagogical process in kindergarten: children, teachers and parents.

The goal of health-saving technologies in preschool education in relation to a child is to ensure a high level of real health for a kindergarten pupil and the development of a valeological culture as a combination of a child’s conscious attitude to human health and life, knowledge about health and the ability to protect, maintain and protect it, valeological competence, which allows a preschooler to independently and effectively solve the problems of a healthy lifestyle and safe behavior, tasks related to the provision of elementary medical, psychological self-help and assistance. With regard to adults - promoting the formation of a culture of health, including a culture of professional health of preschool educators and valeological education of parents.

There are various types of health-saving technologies in preschool education, depending on the goals and tasks to be solved, as well as the leading means of health saving and health enrichment of the subjects of the pedagogical process in kindergarten. In this regard, the following types of health-saving technologies in preschool education can be distinguished:

Medico-prophylactic;
Physical culture and recreation;
Technologies for ensuring the socio-psychological well-being of the child;
Health saving and health enrichment of teachers of preschool education;
Valeological education of parents.

Medical and preventive technologies in preschool education technologies that ensure the preservation and enhancement of children's health under the guidance of the medical staff of the preschool educational institution in accordance with medical requirements and standards, using medical devices. These include the following technologies:

Bibliography

Alyamovskaya, V. G. Materials of the course "Modern approaches to the improvement of children in a preschool educational institution": lectures 1-3 / E. J. Adashkyavichene. - M .: Pedagogical University "First of September", 2005. - 80 p.
Antonov, Yu. E. The main provisions of the program "Healthy preschooler" / A. Yu. Antonov, E. Yu. Ivanova // Obruch. - 1996. - No. 1. - P.5-6.
Beresneva, Z. I. Healthy baby: a program for the improvement of children in preschool educational institutions / Z. I. Beresneva. - M.: Sphere, 2005. - 32 p.
Vvoznaya, V. I. Organization of educational and health-improving work in preschool educational institutions / V. I. Vvoznaya, I. T. Konovalova. - M.: Sphere, 2006. - 128 p.
Doronova, T. The right to health care / T. Doronova // Preschool education. - 2001. - No. 9. - P.5-8.
Erofeeva, T. I. Modern educational programs for preschool institutions / T. I. Erofeeva. - M .: Academy, 2001. - 324 p.
Healthy preschooler: Social and health-improving technology of the XXI century / Compiled by Yu. E. Antonov, M. N. Kuznetsova, T. F. Saulina. - M.: ARKTI, 2000. - 88 p.
Zmanovsky, Yu. F. Educational and health work in preschool institutions. Conceptual provisions / Yu. F. Zmanovsky // Preschool education. - 1999. - No. 9. - S. 23-26.
Makhaneva, M. D. Education of a healthy child / M. D. Makhaneva. - M.: Academy, 2000. - 326 p.
Pastukhova, I. O. Structural model of health work in preschool educational institutions / I. O. Pastukhova // Management of preschool educational institutions. - 2004. - No. 4. - P.33-35.

The term "health saving" has become generally accepted in modern pedagogical literature. It includes a system of measures aimed at preventing the so-called "school diseases" and improving the health of participants in the educational process - students and teachers - using health-developing technologies.

According to N.V. Nikitin, today there are several areas of health-saving activities that are reflected in pedagogical technologies:

- creation of author's programs in subjects of the natural science cycle, focused on an in-depth study of the biological foundations of the health-improving effect of physical exercises on the student's body;
- Strengthening the health-saving component in the system of physical education and sports;
- development of technologies for health-improving work with schoolchildren (due to a new mode of activity that is adequate to the needs of children in recovery and rest; rational nutrition);
– rational use of material and technical resources and financial resources for health-saving purposes.

In the domestic practice of preserving the health of the children's team, one of the first examples (if not the very first) can be considered the experience of the Pavlysh secondary school under the guidance of its director, the outstanding Soviet teacher A.V. Sukhomlinsky.

The school day for schoolchildren began with gymnastic exercises "especially for developing posture ...". Classes were held in one shift, and only in natural light. The time that children spent at their desks was no more than 4.5 hours in grades 5-6, and in grades 7-10 - no more than 5.5 hours.

The second half of the day was devoted to creative work: classes in circles, excursions, independent study of popular science literature, and at least 90% of this time was spent outdoors. With such a schedule, "familiarization with the most difficult issues of the program in physics, chemistry, geometry always began with extracurricular, optional work ...". Thus, interest was created and motivation for learning increased, the problem of “cramming”, which had a negative impact on the health of students, was removed.

In the Sukhomlinsky system, an important role was assigned to the observance of the night rest regimen for children: going to bed - no later than 21 hours, sleep duration - at least 8–8.5 hours.

The peculiarity of Sukhomlinsky's methodology - the children doing homework before, and not after school, that is, in the morning of the next day - is surprising to this day. According to the teacher, “... with the correct formulation of all educational work ... in 1.5–2 hours (sometimes in 2.5 hours) of mental work in the morning, you can do 2 times more than in the same time after school ... Mental work child in the morning begins with a repetition of what needs to be memorized, memorized, forever stored in memory ... ".

The effectiveness of all activities carried out at the Pavlysh school was achieved through regular work with the parents of students, real help and advice on maintaining the health of children.

Unfortunately, in recent years the state of health of children and adolescents in our country has deteriorated catastrophically.

The number of practically healthy children has significantly decreased: according to the Research Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, only every tenth first-grader can be considered healthy. By the time they enter school, 40% of children already have posture disorders, 70% have caries, and 20% are underweight (data for 2000).

The number of functional disorders and chronic diseases in adolescents is growing. Half of schoolchildren aged 7–9 and more than 60% of students in grades 10–11 have chronic diseases. Among school graduates, the number of healthy children does not exceed 5%. In recent years, the number of diseases of the endocrine system has increased - by 34.1%, mental and behavioral disorders - by 32.3%, neoplasms - by 30.7%, diseases of the musculoskeletal system - by 26.4%, diseases of the circulatory system - by 20.5%.

There has been an increase in the number of students suffering from several diseases at the same time. According to the Research Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents of the SCCH RAMS, children 7–8 years old have an average of two diagnoses, 10–11 years old have three, 16–17 years old have three or four diagnoses, and 20% of high school students have five or more functional diagnoses. disorders and chronic diseases.

In terms of the level and structure of chronic and acute morbidity, rural schoolchildren differ little from urban ones. Some lag in the incidence rate among rural schoolchildren in comparison with Moscow and other large metropolitan areas can only be attributed to the lack of diagnostic capabilities in the countryside. At the same time, among rural schoolchildren there is an unexpectedly high level of allergic and ENT diseases, the development of myopia.

Children transitioning from primary to mainstream are most vulnerable, which may be due to:

- an increase in the volume and complication of the nature of the training load;
- the coming to the fore of the evaluation factor, now called upon to play the main, if not the determining role, in the child's self-control and control by parents over his academic performance;
- the complication of the nature of the relationship "teacher - student" and interpersonal relationships within the class with an increase in the risk of conflict situations.

All this requires close attention on the part of teachers and the school administration to the regulation of educational material, the creation and maintenance of a favorable psychological microclimate both in the learning process and outside school hours.

In the structure of morbidity of teachers in the Russian Federation, the same forms prevail as in schoolchildren: disorders of the musculoskeletal system, various degrees of borderline mental disorders and pathologies related to the nervous system, sensory organs, cardiovascular and digestive systems.

Taking into account the adjustments for the age and social status of participants in the educational process (students and teachers), for the natural and socio-economic conditions of individual regions of Russia, such a coincidence only confirms the unity of the influence of environmental factors on the health status of both those who teach and those who teach. These factors include the volume of educational information, with the complexity of its assimilation, on the one hand, and the imperfect method of presentation and evaluation, on the other. One should also not discount the real problems of organizing the educational process in a particular educational institution, taking into account the possibilities of observing sanitary and hygienic standards in it: the level of illumination, the size of school furniture, etc.

It is interesting that the term “school illnesses” itself was introduced by the German doctor R. Virchow relatively recently - only in 1870. Even then, to “eliminate the main causes of school illnesses”, it was proposed to use games, dances, gymnastics and all types of fine arts in educational institutions. Thus, the place of "passive-receptive learning" was to be replaced by "observational-pictorial" learning. The "verbal school" was replaced by the "school of action".

Up until the 1980s. health protection in educational institutions was built on the basis of a "three-component" model.

1. The curriculum focused on the principles of health and behavioral change for health.

2. The school medical service carried out prevention, early diagnosis and elimination of emerging health problems in children.

3. A healthy environment in the learning process was associated with a hygienic and positive psychological atmosphere, with the safety and rational nutrition of children.

The Strasbourg Conference in 1990 by the decision of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Economic Community (EEC) approved the creation of the so-called "schools of health" to implement the developed in the mid-1980s. new, "eight-component" model of health saving. It included a catering service with an expanded range of healthy food; carrying out activities for the physical education of the younger generation and the “health service of the school staff” with the involvement of parents and the help of the general public.

Since then, more than 500 schools from 40 states have taken part in this project, and this network is constantly expanding. It has already included many educational institutions in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Germany and other countries.

In Russia, educational institutions that have received the status of a “school of health” operate today in the republics of Bashkortastan, Tatarstan and Karelia, in a number of cities and regions of Russia.

According to the results of their work in 11 regions, a positive trend in the health status of students was noted: a decrease in ENT diseases, SARS (in the Leningrad region, for example, by 25%), chronic pathologies (in the Tula region - by 12–16%), dermatitis, and digestive diseases. and respiratory system, neurosis (in the Belgorod region - by 25%), vegetative-vascular dystonia. During the influenza epidemic, when most schools in the Leningrad and Voronezh regions were closed for quarantine, the lowest incidence rates were noted precisely in the “schools of health”. The general well-being of children in such schools is more often than in Russia as a whole rated rather as “good” and less often as “satisfactory”.

However, the material possibilities of the majority of Russian schools in modern conditions hinder the implementation of the concept of "school of health".

How is the problem of health saving being solved today?

In most cases, attention is paid to the physical state of health (posture, vision, internal organs, etc.), without taking into account the mental state. But there is a direct relationship between physical and mental health. It is known that early damage to the central nervous system, i.e. the disturbed mental health of the child is the cause of various deviations in the functioning of a number of body systems, and, conversely, somatic diseases mask mental disorders, chronic illnesses are accompanied by secondary mental health disorders.

There is still no clear feedback between the medical service of the school and teachers and parents. As a result, no measures are taken at the early stages of the development of the disease, and often acute diseases in children turn into chronic ones, a number of functional indicators of the body deteriorate over the years of study.

Parents, who are often better informed about the state of health of their child than a school doctor or teacher, cannot influence its correction within the walls of an educational institution. But the child spends here about 70% of the time. As a result, his health deteriorates.

Despite the fact that during the development of most projects, the preservation of the health of all participants in the educational process is declared, in reality, it only concerns the health of children, and teachers remain “overboard”.

In our opinion, in order to change the situation in the performance of health-preserving tasks in the bulk of our educational institutions, the teacher should be recognized as a key figure.

Caring for the health of the younger generation begins with the concern of the teacher about the state of his own health, and it largely depends on the lifestyle that he leads. Extreme forms of maintaining health (“winter swimming”, many kilometers of jogging, etc.) are the lot of a few enthusiasts. We also cannot always influence the decision-making that affects the ecological state of the city (district, region, republic) where we live. But you can always avoid bad habits, diversify your diet, learn how to regulate your professional activities in such a way, planning your work schedule in order to avoid overloads and observe the regime of work and rest.

Knowing the methods of supporting the forces of one's own body, its capabilities and the symptoms of certain diseases will help the teacher to be more attentive to the state of health of his pupils. And your own example will serve better than any words to teach children to follow the rules of a healthy lifestyle.

The state of health of the student should not be indifferent to the teacher also because it can cause him to lag behind in his studies. The negative consequences of this, both for himself and for the relations that develop between him and family members, in one way or another are reflected in the state of the whole society. In the Soviet years, 85% of children were unsuccessful, mainly due to health problems. And in our time, this reason is paramount.

Inactivity during the lesson and a poor variety of educational activities have a negative impact on the health of students. Opposition to the first was found in a number of schools, where the so-called "dynamic pauses" are used in the learning process, especially in the primary grades: children work part of the lesson while sitting, part - standing at the desks. The situation is more complicated with the change of activities and, most likely, the situation will not change until the material and technical base of most educational institutions improves.

Special attention should be paid to the volume and complexity of the material given at home. It is best to analyze its main points in the lesson together with the students, so that the children learn them during the lesson, and at home it remains only to repeat. Interesting is the experience of some teachers who evaluate the assimilation of the material immediately after its explanation and brief summary. Then the guys have a chance to correct the assessment during the survey in the next lesson.

A well-didactic “worked out” lesson is also the most health-oriented for all its participants. But the teacher's efforts to conduct the lesson at a good pace and at the same time make it easier for students to assimilate new material is often blocked on their part by a lack of interest in the subject. So far, this is an unresolvable contradiction. Whether the implementation of the profile education project in the senior classes will help in this respect, the future will show. But even with the interest of children, this reform can significantly increase the total teaching load not only within the walls of an educational institution, but also at home, with all the ensuing negative consequences for health.

In conclusion, all those interested in various aspects of the problem of health preservation are recommended to read the following recently published books.

1. Methodological recommendations "Health-saving technologies in a secondary school: analysis methodology, forms, methods, application experience" / Ed. MM. Bezrukikh and V.D. Sonkin.– M.: Triada-farm, 2002. This manual contains a lot of factual material, it discusses "school risk factors" in detail.

2. Smirnov. N.K. Health-saving educational technologies in the modern school. – M.: APKiPRO publishing house, 2002. The book presents extensive theoretical material and gives recommendations for analyzing training sessions from the standpoint of health saving.

And those who have access to the Internet, we recommend visiting a website dedicated to the development and implementation of health-saving technologies in educational institutions - www.schoolhealth.ru

THE PROBLEM OF HEALTH PRESERVATION OF YOUNGER SCHOOLCHILDREN

IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN REQUIREMENTS

Ivanova N.A.,

primary school teacher,

municipal budgetary educational institution

"Basic secondary school No. 13",

Stary Oskol

INFederal State Educational Standard of Primary General Educationnoted“One of the modern tasks of primary education is the preservation and strengthening of children's health. The school should provide the student with the opportunity to maintain health during the period of study at school, develop in him the necessary knowledge, skills and habits for a healthy lifestyle, teach him to use this knowledge in everyday life. GEF NGO defines this task as one of the priorities. The result of solving this problem should be the creation of a comfortable developing educational environment that contributes to the preservation and strengthening of the health of younger students..

To date, there are many definitions of this concept. So, in the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov, health is understood as "the correct, normal activity of the body, its complete physical and mental and mental well-being" .

As defined by the World Health Organization, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

According to T.V. Karaseva, health is a complex and, at the same time, holistic, multidimensional dynamic state that develops in the process of realizing the genetic potential in a specific social and environmental environment and allows a person to varying degrees to carry out his social functions.

Health is a wealth that a person receives once in a lifetime, and spends all his life, therefore, teachers, parents should form in students a deep scientific understanding of the essence of a healthy lifestyle, its everyday life.values.

Health, in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of the IEO, is understood as a combination of several components, including: physical, mental, spiritual, social health.

The question of the harmonious and healthy development of the younger generation has worried mankind since ancient times. Even Aristotle recommended paying great attention to hardening, body hygiene and physical exercises. And a great connoisseur and lover of the arts, Pythagoras used music, dance and poetry to prevent mental disorders. He argued that under their influence "the healing of human morals and passions takes place and the harmony of spiritual abilities is restored."Health problems are clearly visible in the writings of Avicenna, whose medical ideology was higher than modern. He argued that the main task of medicine is to maintain health, and treatment - only when an illness or injury appears.

The problems of maintaining the health of students and teachers, instilling healthy lifestyle skills, creating conditions aimed at strengthening and maintaining physical, mental and spiritual health are very relevant today.

The problem of health saving in education was presented by L.E. Borisova, O.E. Evstifeeva, V.N. Kasatkin, I.V. Kruglova, O.L. Treschev, T.V., V.I. Kharitonov.

When using the term health saving, its multifaceted content is assumed:

this is a system of measures that includes the interconnection and interaction of all factors of the educational environment aimed at maintaining the health of the child at all stages of his education and development;

this is the activity of people aimed at improving and maintaining health, as well as the consistency and unity of all levels of human life;

activities aimed at improving and preserving human life (recreational, household - aimed at improving, treating, restoring physical strength, etc.);

the general concept of “lifestyle”, containing the level of its culture, favorable conditions for human life, including behavioral, and hygiene skills that allow maintaining and strengthening health, helping to prevent the development of health disorders and maintaining an optimal quality of life;

the choice of such forms of activity that contribute to the preservation and strengthening of human health. The choice is determined by the level of human culture, mastered knowledge and attitudes, a certain set of norms of behavior [1 , from. 52-60].

Preserving and strengthening the health of younger schoolchildren is the most important and priority task of our society. That is why the main educational program of primary general education in its structure has a program for the formation of a culture of a healthy and safe lifestyle. This is a comprehensive program for the formation of knowledge, attitudes, personal guidelines and norms of behavior that ensure the preservation and strengthening of the physical, psychological and social health of students at the stage of primary general education as one of the value components that contribute to the cognitive and emotional development of the child, the achievement of planned results.mastering the main educational program primary general education.

The program for the formation of a culture of a healthy and safe lifestyle should provide:

awakening in children the desire to take care of their health (the formation of an interested attitude towards their own health);

formation of an attitude towards the use of a healthy diet;

the use of optimal motor modes for children, taking into account their age, psychological and other characteristics, development of the need for physical education and sports;

formation of knowledge of negative risk factors for children's health (reduced physical activity, smoking, alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substances, infectious diseases);

formation of skills to resist involvement in smoking, alcohol, narcotic and potent substances;

the formation of the child's need to fearlessly consult a doctor on any issues related to the characteristics of growth and development, health status,development of readiness to independently maintain their health through the use of personal hygiene skills[ 7 ].

Implementation of the formation programculture of a healthy and safe image of younger students should be creative and involves the use of health-saving educational technologies.

The creative nature of the educational process, according to L.S. Vygotsky is an extremely necessary condition for health preservation.

An important component of the health-saving work of the school, as L.A. Obukhova, N.A. Lemyaskin is the rational organization of the lesson and the use of health-saving technologies .

N.K. Smirnov gives the following definition: “Health-saving educational technologies are a complex, built on a single methodological basis, a system of organizational and psychological and pedagogical techniques, methods, technologies aimed at protecting and strengthening the health of students, forming their health culture, as well as caring for health teachers" .

According to Chubarova S.N., health-saving technologies involve a combination of pedagogical, psychological and medical influences aimed at protecting and ensuring health, forming a valuable attitude towards one's health.

By health-saving technologies we mean a system of measures to protect and promote the health of students, taking into account the most important characteristics of the educational environment and the living conditions of the child, and the impact on health.

Health saving technologies make it possible to solve not only the main task facing the teacher, which is to ensure the possibility of maintaining the health of the student during the period of study, the formation of the necessary knowledge, skills, skills, to teach how to use the acquired knowledge in everyday life, but can also be used as a means of increasing motivation for educational and cognitive activity of students.

There is no single unique health-saving technology. Health saving can act as one of the tasks of the educational process. Only through an integrated approach to learning can lpersonal results of mastering the basic educational program of primary general education, reflectingshaping a safe, healthy lifestyle.

Literature

Voloshin, L.B. Organization of health-saving space / L.B. Voloshin // Preschool education.-2010. No. 1. pp.114-117.

Vygotsky, L.S., Pedagogical psychology / Ed. V.V.Davydov. - M.: Pedagogy. - 2011. - 306 p.

Karaseva, T.V. Modern aspects of the implementation of health-saving technologies / T.V. Karaseva // Primary school. - 2012 No. 11. p. 75.

Obukhova, L.A., Health Lessons / L.A. Obukhova, N.A. Lemyaskin // Primary school. - 2012. No. 6. pp. 14-16.

Ozhegov, S.I., Dictionary of the Russian language / S.I. Ozhegov. - M.: 2010. - 214 p.

Smirnov, N.K., Health-saving educational technologies and health psychology at school / N.K. Smirnov. - M.: ARKTI. - 2012. - 158 p.

Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education (FGOS NOO), M: Education, 2015. - 31 p.

Khalemsky, G.A. School - the territory of health / Khalemsky, G.A. / / Pedagogy.-2012. No. 3. pp.42-46.

Chubarova S.N. New health-saving technologies in the education and upbringing of children: [gender. approach to training and education: psychol. aspect] / S.N. Chubarova, G. E. Kozlovskaya, V.V. Eremeeva // Development of personality.-2013. No. 2. pp.171-187.