What races stand out within the species Homo sapiens. The main races of people characteristics features and types

Humanity is currently represented by one species of Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens). However, this species is not uniform. It is polymorphic and consists of three large and many small transitional races - biological groups that differ in small morphological features. These features include: type and color of hair, skin color, eyes, shape of the nose, lips, face and head, proportions of the body and limbs.

Races appeared as a result of the settlement and geographical isolation of the ancestors of modern people in different natural and climatic conditions. Some racial traits are hereditary. They arose in the distant past under the direct influence of the environment and were adaptive in nature. The following major races are distinguished.

Negroid (Australian-Negroid or Equatorial) race characterized by dark skin color, curly or wavy hair, a wide and slightly protruding nose, thick lips and dark eyes. Before the era of colonization, it was common in Africa, Australia and the Pacific Islands.

Caucasoid (Eurasian) race it is distinguished by light or dark skin, straight or wavy hair, good development of facial hair in men (beard and mustache), a narrow protruding nose, thin lips. Representatives of this race are settled in Europe, North Africa, Western Asia and North India.

For Mongoloid (Asian-American) race characterized by dark or light skin, straight, often coarse hair, a flattened broad face with strongly protruding cheekbones, the average width of the lips and nose, a noticeable development of the epicanthus (skin fold over the upper eyelid in the inner corner of the eye). Initially, this race inhabited Southeast, East, North and Central Asia, North and South America.

Although the great races differ noticeably from each other in terms of a complex of external features, they are interconnected by a number of intermediate types, imperceptibly passing one into another.

As noted above, racial characteristics are hereditary, and, apparently, some of them were adaptive in the past. So, the dark skin of Negroids protected the body from bright sunlight; curly hair creates air layers that protect against heat. A wide nose and thick swollen lips with a large surface of the mucous membranes contribute to the rapid evaporation of moisture with high heat transfer. The light skin of Caucasians transmits ultraviolet rays and thus contributes to the synthesis of vitamin D, protecting a person from rickets. The narrow protruding nose contributes to the warming of the inhaled air. Some features of the Mongoloids are the result of adaptation to the harsh, often dusty climate of Central Asia.

The biological unity of the human races is evidenced by:

lack of genetic isolation and unlimited possibilities of crossing with the formation of fertile offspring;
the equivalence of races in biological and psychological terms, when they are at the same level of evolutionary development;
the presence of transitional races between large races; combining the features of two neighboring ones;
additional evidence is the localization of skin patterns such as arcs on the second finger (in great apes - on the fifth); all representatives of races have the same pattern of hair arrangement on the head and other morphophysiological features.

Races appeared as a result of the settlement and geographical isolation of the ancestors of modern people in different natural and climatic conditions. Some racial traits are hereditary. They arose in the distant past under the direct influence of the environment and were adaptive in nature. The following major races are distinguished.

Negroid (Australian-Negroid or Equatorial) race characterized by dark skin color, curly or wavy hair, a wide and slightly protruding nose, thick lips and dark eyes. Before the era of colonization, it was common in Africa, Australia and the Pacific Islands.

Caucasoid (Eurasian) race it is distinguished by light or dark skin, straight or wavy hair, good development of facial hair in men (beard and mustache), a narrow protruding nose, thin lips. Representatives of this race are settled in Europe, North Africa, Western Asia and North India.

For Mongoloid (Asian-American) race characterized by dark or light skin, straight, often coarse hair, a flattened broad face with strongly protruding cheekbones, the average width of the lips and nose, a noticeable development of the epicanthus (skin fold over the upper eyelid in the inner corner of the eye). Initially, this race inhabited Southeast, East, North and Central Asia, North and South America.

The biological unity of the human races is evidenced by:

lack of genetic isolation and unlimited possibilities of crossing with the formation of fertile offspring;
the equivalence of races in biological and psychological terms, when they are at the same level of evolutionary development;
the presence of transitional races between large races; combining the features of two neighboring ones;
additional evidence is the localization of skin patterns such as arcs on the second finger (in great apes - on the fifth); all representatives of races have the same pattern of hair arrangement on the head and other morphophysiological features.

I have questions, why are there only 4 races on Earth? Why are they so different from each other? How do different races have skin colors that match their area of residence?

*********************

First of all, we will examine the map of the settlement of the "Modern races of the world." In this analysis, we will not deliberately accept the position of either monogenism or polygenism. The purpose of our analysis and the entire study as a whole is precisely to understand exactly how humanity appeared and its development proceeded, including the development of writing. Therefore, we cannot and will not rely in advance on any dogma, be it scientific or religious.

Why are there four different races on Earth? Naturally, four types of different races could not come from Adam and Eve....

So, under the letter "A" on the map, races are indicated that, according to modern research, are ancient. These races include four:
Equatorial Negroid races (hereinafter "Negroid race" or "Negroids");
Equatorial Australoid races (hereinafter "Australoid race" or "Australoids");
Caucasoid races (hereinafter referred to as "Caucasoids");
Mongoloid races (hereinafter "Mongoloids").

2. Analysis of the modern mutual settlement of races.

Extremely interesting is the modern mutual settlement of the four main races.

Negroid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located from the center of Africa to its southern part. There is no negroid race anywhere outside of Africa. In addition, it is precisely the areas of settlement of the Negroid race that are currently the "suppliers" of the culture of the Stone Age - in South Africa there are still such areas within which the population still exists in a primitive communal way of life.

We are talking about the archaeological culture of Wilton (Wilton, Wilton) of the late Stone Age, common in South and East Africa. In some areas, it was replaced by the Neolithic with polished axes, but in most areas it existed until modern times: arrowheads made of stone and bone, earthenware, beads from the shell of ostrich eggs; people of the Wilton culture lived in grottoes and in the open air, hunted; agriculture and domestic animals were absent.

It is also interesting that on other continents there are no centers of settlement of the Negroid race. This, of course, indicates the fact that the origin of the Negroid race was originally in that part of Africa, which is located south of the center of the continent. It is worth noting that here we do not consider the later “migrations” of the Negroids to the American continent and their modern entry through the regions of France into the territory of Eurasia, since this is an effect that is completely insignificant in the lengthy historical process in terms of time.

The Australoid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, which is located integrally in the north of Australia, as well as in extremely small fluctuations in the territory of India and on some isolated islands. The islands are so insignificantly populated by the Australoid race that they can be neglected when estimating the entire center of distribution of the Australoid race. This focus, quite reasonably, can be considered the northern part of Australia. It should be noted here that the Australoids, as well as the Negroids, for reasons unknown to today's science, are located exclusively within the same common range. Stone Age cultures are also found among the Australoid race. More precisely, those Australoid cultures that have not experienced the impact of Caucasoids are mainly in the Stone Age.

Caucasoid races are settled in the territory located in the European part of Eurasia, including the Kola Peninsula, as well as in Siberia, in the Urals, along the Yenisei, along the Amur, in the upper reaches of the Lena, in Asia, around the Caspian, Black, Red and Mediterranean Seas, in northern Africa , on the Arabian Peninsula, in India, on the two American continents, in southern Australia.

In this part of the analysis, we should dwell on the consideration of the area of settlement of Caucasians in more detail.

First, for obvious reasons, we will exclude from historical estimates the territory of distribution of Caucasians in both Americas, since these territories were occupied by them in a not so distant historical time. The last “experience” of Caucasians does not affect the very history of the original settlement of peoples. The history of the settlement of mankind in general took place long before the American conquests of the Caucasians and without taking them into account.

Secondly, like the two previous races in terms of the description, the territory of distribution of Caucasoids (from this point onwards, under the “territory of distribution of Caucasoids” we will understand only its Eurasian part and northern Africa) is also clearly marked by the area of their settlement. However, unlike the Negroid and Australoid races, the Caucasoid race has reached the highest flowering of culture, science, art, etc. among the existing races. The Stone Age within the habitat of the Caucasoid race was passed in the vast majority of areas 30 - 40 thousand years BC. All modern scientific achievements of the most advanced nature are made precisely by the Caucasoid race. You can, of course, mention and argue with this statement, referring to the achievements of China, Japan and Korea, but let's be honest, all their achievements are purely secondary and they use, we must pay tribute - with success, but still use the primary achievements of Caucasians.

The Mongoloid races are settled exclusively in a limited area, located integrally in the northeast and east of Eurasia and on both American continents. Among the Mongoloid race, as well as among the Negroid and Australoid races, to this day there are cultures of the Stone Age.
3. On the application of the laws of Organisms

The first thing that catches the eye of an inquisitive researcher looking at a map of the settlement of races is that the areas of settlement of races do not mutually intersect in such a way that this concerns any noticeable territories. And, although on mutual borders the adjoining races give the product of their intersection, called "transitional races", the formation of such mixtures is classified according to time and is purely secondary and much later than the formation of the ancient races themselves.

To a large extent, this process of interpenetration of ancient races resembles diffusion in the physics of materials. We apply to the description of races and peoples the laws of Organisms, which are more unified and give us the right and opportunity to operate with equal ease and accuracy, both with materials and with peoples and races. Therefore, the mutual penetration of peoples - the diffusion of peoples and races - is completely subject to the law 3.8. (numbering of laws, as is customary in) Organisms, which says: "Everything moves."

Namely, not a single race (now we will not discuss the originality of one or the other) under any circumstances will remain without movement in any “frozen” state. We will not be able, following this law, to find at least one race or people that would arise in a certain territory at the moment of “minus infinity” and would remain within this territory until “plus infinity”.

And from this it follows that it is possible to work out the laws of motion of populations of organisms (nations).
4. Laws of motion of a population of organisms
Any people, any race, as, indeed, not only real, but also mythical (disappeared civilizations), always has a point of its origin, different from the one considered and as earlier;
Any nation, any race is represented not by the absolute values of its population and its certain range, but by a system (matrix) of n-dimensional vectors that describe:
directions of settlement on the Earth's surface (two dimensions);
time intervals of such resettlement (one dimension);
…n. the values of the mass transfer of information about the people (one complex dimension; this includes both the numerical composition and national, cultural, educational, religious, and other parameters).
5. Interesting observations

From the first law of population movement and taking into account a careful examination of the map of the current distribution of races, we can deduce the following observations.

First, even at the present historical time, all four ancient races are extremely isolated in terms of their distribution areas. Recall that we do not consider hereinafter the colonization by Negroids, Caucasians and Mongoloids of both Americas. These four races have the so-called cores of their ranges, which in no case coincide, that is, none of the races in the center of their range coincides with similar parameters of any other race.

Secondly, the central "points" (regions) of the ancient racial regions remain quite "pure" in composition at the present time. Moreover, the mixing of races occurs exclusively only on the borders of neighboring races. Never - by mixing races that were not historically located in the neighborhood. That is, we do not observe any mixing of the Mongoloid and Negroid races, since between them is the Caucasoid race, which, in turn, has mixtures with both Negroids and Mongoloids just at the points of contact with them.

Thirdly, if the central points of the settlement of races are determined by a simple geometric calculation, then it turns out that these points are located at the same distance from each other, equal to 6000 (plus or minus 500) kilometers:

Negroid point - 5 ° S, 20 ° E;

Caucasoid point - with. Batumi, the easternmost point of the Black Sea (41°N, 42°E);

Mongoloid point - ss. Aldan and Tomkot in the upper reaches of the Aldan River, a tributary of the Lena (58°N, 126°E);

Australoid point - 5° S, 122° E

Moreover, the points of the central regions of the settlement of the Mongoloid race on both American continents are also equidistant (and approximately at the same distance).

An interesting fact is that if all four central points of the settlement of races, as well as three points located in South, Central and North America, are connected, then a line will be obtained that resembles the bucket of the constellation Ursa Major, but inverted relative to its current position.
6. Conclusions

An assessment of the areas of settlement of races allows us to draw a number of conclusions and assumptions.
6.1. Conclusion 1:

It does not seem legitimate and substantiated a possible theory that suggests the birth and resettlement of modern races from one common point.

We are currently observing precisely the process that leads to the mutual averaging of the races. As, for example, the experiment with water, when a certain amount of hot water is poured into cold water. We understand that after some finite and quite estimated time, hot water will mix with cold water, and the temperature will be averaged. After that, the water will generally become somewhat warmer than cold before mixing, and somewhat colder than hot before mixing.

The situation is the same with the four old races - we are currently observing precisely the process of their mixing, when the races mutually penetrate each other, like cold and hot water, form mestizo races in the places of their contact.

If four races were formed from one center, then we would not observe mixing now. Since in order for four entities to form from one entity, a process of separation and mutual dispersal, isolation, and accumulation of differences must occur. And the mutual miscegenation that is now taking place serves as clear evidence of the reverse process - the mutual diffusion of the four races. An inflection point that would separate the earlier process of separation of races from the later process of their mixing has not yet been found. Convincing evidence of the objective existence of some point in history from which the process of separation of races would be replaced by their unification has not been found. Therefore, it is precisely the process of historical mixing of races that should be considered as a completely objective and normal process.

And this means that initially the four ancient races had to be inevitably divided and isolated from each other. The question of the force that could be engaged in such a process, we will leave open for the time being.

This assumption of ours is convincingly confirmed by the very map of the distribution of races. As we have previously revealed, there are four conditional points of the initial settlement of the four ancient races. These points, by a strange chance, are located in a sequence that has a clearly defined series of patterns:

in the first place, each frontier of mutual contact of races serves only as a division between two races, and nowhere as a division between three or four;

secondly, the distances between such points, by a strange coincidence, are almost the same and equal to about 6000 kilometers.

The processes of development of territorial spaces by races can be compared with the formation of a pattern on frosty glass - from one point the pattern spreads in different directions.

Obviously, the races, each in its own way, but the general view of the settlement of the races was quite the same - from the so-called distribution point of each race, it spread in different directions, gradually mastering new territories. After quite an estimated time, the races sown 6000 kilometers from each other met at the borders of their ranges. Thus began the process of their mixing and the emergence of various mestizo races.

The process of building and expanding the ranges of races fully falls under the definition of the concept of "organismic center of organization", when there are patterns that describe such a spread of races.

The natural and most objective conclusion suggests itself about the existence of four separate centers of origin of four different - ancient - races, located at an equal distance from each other. Moreover, the distances and points of "seeding" races are chosen in such a way that if we tried to repeat such a "seeding", we would come to the same variant. Therefore, the Earth was inhabited by someone or something from 4 different regions of our Galaxy or our Universe....
6.2. Conclusion 2:

Perhaps the original placement of the races was artificial.

A series of random coincidences in the distances and equidistance of the races leads us to believe that this was not accidental. Law 3.10. Organismics says: ordered chaos acquires intelligence. It is interesting to trace the work of this law in the reverse causal direction. The expression 1+1=2 and the expression 2=1+1 are equally true. And, therefore, the causal relationship in their members works in both directions equally.

By analogy with this, law 3.10. we can reformulate as follows: (3.10.-1) intelligence is an acquisition due to the ordering of chaos. The circumstance when out of three segments connecting four seemingly random points, all three segments are equal to the same value, can only be called a manifestation of intellect. In order for the distances to match, it is necessary to measure them accordingly.

In addition, and this circumstance is no less interesting and mysterious, the “wonderful” distance between the points of origin of races, revealed by us, for some strange and inexplicable reason, is equal to the radius of the planet Earth. Why?

By connecting the four seeding points of the races and the center of the Earth (and they are all located at the same distance), we will get a quadrangular equilateral pyramid, with its apex directed towards the center of the Earth.

Why? Why in a seemingly chaotic world, clear geometric shapes?
6.3. Conclusion 3:

On the initial maximum isolation of races.

Let's start the consideration of mutually pairwise settlement of races with a pair of Negroids-Caucasoids. Firstly, Negroids do not come into contact with any other race. Secondly, between the Negroids and the Caucasians lies the region of central Africa, which is characterized by the abundant distribution of lifeless deserts. That is, initially, the location of the Negroids relative to the Caucasians provided that these two races would have the least contact with each other. There is some intent here. And also an additional argument against the theory of monogenism - at least in part of the Negroid-Caucasian couple.

In a pair of Caucasians-Mongoloids, there are also similar features. The same distance between the conditional centers of the formation of races is 6000 kilometers. The same natural barrier to the mutual penetration of races is the extremely frosty northern regions and the Mongolian deserts.

The pair of Mongoloids-Australoids also provides for the maximum use of terrain conditions, preventing the mutual penetration of these races, which are approximately the same 6000 kilometers apart from each other.

Only in recent decades, with the development of means of transport and communications, did the interpenetration of races become not only possible, but also assumed a mass character.

Naturally, in the course of our research, these conclusions may be subject to revision.
Final conclusion:

Everything shows that there were four points of sowing races. They are equidistant both between themselves and from the center of the planet Earth. Races have only mutual-pair contacts. The process of mixing races is a process of the last two centuries, before that the races were isolated. If there was an intention in the initial settling of the races, then it was this: to settle the races so that they would not come into contact with each other for as long as possible.

This was probably an experiment to solve the problem - which race will better adapt to earthly conditions. And also, which race will be more progressive in its development....

Source - razrusitelmifov.ucoz.ru

Question 1. What are the major races of Homo sapiens within the species?

Homo sapiens is divided into three large races: Eurasian (Caucasoid), Asian-American (Mongoloid) and Australo-Negroid (Equatorial).

Representatives of the Caucasian race are characterized by relatively fair skin, soft straight or wavy hair, thin lips, and a narrow protruding nose. Men usually grow beards and mustaches well. Within the race, there is great variability in hair and eye color, so it is divided into three large parts: light-colored northern (Scandinavians), dark-colored southern (Indians, Arabs) and Central European with an intermediate type of pigmentation.

Typical representatives of the Mongoloid race have dark skin of a yellowish tint, dark brown eyes, dark and straight coarse hair. In men, the hairline on the body is poorly developed. Most Mongoloids are characterized by epicanthus - a special fold of the upper eyelid that covers the inner corner of the eye. The nose is rather narrow.

Representatives of the equatorial race are characterized by black curly hair, very dark skin and brown eyes. Beards and mustaches in men grow weakly. The nose is rather flat, slightly protruding, with wide wings. Most representatives have thick lips and a protruding jaw region of the skull.

Question 2. What mechanisms underlie the formation of human races?

Many different physical types are known to have existed among neoanthropes. As a result of migrations around the globe, individual populations of people sometimes adapted to diametrically opposed environmental conditions. Isolation contributed to the consolidation of signs and the emergence of races that were maximally adapted to local conditions. A classic example is the dark skin of Negroids, which protects them from solar radiation. The epicanthus of the Mongoloids served to protect the eyes from dust, which is abundant in the steppe, or from snowstorms in the North.

Question 3. Provide evidence of the unity of the origin of human races.

All human races are of the same origin. The main proof of this is the possibility of interracial marriages, producing fertile offspring. Currently, due to the ease of movement of people around the globe, the number of mixed marriages is increasing. For example, in Russia more than 45 million people belong to the transitional Caucasoid-Mongoloid type. The mixing of races speaks of the species unity of man.

Other evidence of this unity is the anatomical and physiological similarities of races, the commonality of blood groups and diseases, the similarity (on a non-verbal, emotional level) of communication methods. Finally, the degree of genome differences in people of different races is about 0.1%, which is clearly less than the average level of interspecies differences (more than 1%).

Question 4. Why, in the process of evolution, none of the races has reached the level of the species in its development?

The main reason for this is the insufficient period of evolution of Homo sapiens as a biological species, and the insufficient level of geographical isolation of human populations. In addition, in the course of human evolution, the significance of biological (racial) characteristics, as objects of natural selection, has given way to the social significance of the individual. That is, as society developed, selection less and less affected specific racial qualities, which slowed down the process of genetic separation of races.

Question 5. What is the difference between race and nation?

Race is a biological formation, and for its definition, the genetic inheritance of specific traits is of paramount importance. Differences between nations are formed as a result of economic, political, religious and other social (public) factors. Self-consciousness and cultural heritage are of great importance for the nation.

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Question 1. What are the major races distinguish within the three types of Homo sapiens?

Homo sapiens is divided into three large races: Eurasian (Caucasoid), Asian-American (Mongoloid) and Australo-Negroid (Equatorial).

Representatives of the Caucasian race are characterized by relatively fair skin, soft straight or wavy hair, thin lips, and a narrow protruding nose. Men usually grow beards and mustaches well. Within the race, there is great variability in hair and eye color, so it is divided into three large parts: light-colored northern (Scandinavians), dark-colored southern (Hindu, Arabs) and Central European with an intermediate type of pigmentation.

Question 2. What mechanisms underlie the formation of human races?

It is known that among the neoanthropes there were many different physical types. As a result of migrations around the globe, individual populations of people sometimes adapted to diametrically opposite environmental conditions. Isolation contributed to the consolidation of signs and the emergence of races that were maximally adapted to local conditions. A classic example is the dark skin of Negroids, which protects them from solar radiation. The epicanthus of the Mongoloids served to protect the eyes from dust, which is abundant in the steppe, or from snowstorms in the North.

Question 3. Provide evidence of the unity of the origin of human races.

All races of man are of the same origin. The main proof of this is the possibility of interracial marriages, producing fertile offspring. Currently, due to the ease of movement of people around the globe, the number of mixed marriages is growing. For example, in Russia more than 45 million people belong to the transitional Caucasoid-Mongoloid type. The mixing of races speaks of the species unity of man.

Question 4. Why, in the process of evolution, none of the races has reached the level of the species in its development?material from the site

Question 5. What is the difference between race and nation?

Race is a biological formation, and for its definition, the genetic inheritance of specific traits is of paramount importance. Differences between nations are formed as a result of the action of economic, political, religious and other social (public) factors. For a nation, self-consciousness and cultural heritage are of great importance.

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What races stand out within the species Homo sapiens. The main races of people characteristics features and types

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