The main problems of childhood in the Russian Federation. Modern childhood: what it is The state of childhood at the present stage
From the editors of Letidor: we bring to your attention the text of the report of the vice-president of the Russian Academy of Education David Feldstein , presented in July this year at a meeting of the Board of the Russian Book Union. The full title of the report is "The nature and degree of changes in modern childhood and the problems of organizing education at a historically new level of development of society." In our publication, we shortened the title not only because it is long. It seems to us that the report really tells more about the changes in children, but there are no specific proposals for changing the education system. In addition, the changes in childhood noted in the article are mostly negative, and in some cases this assessment is rather controversial. The author also underestimates the role of the parent community in the development of new forms of education. However, it seems to us that our readers will still be interested to hear the assessment of modern children from the point of view of such a well-known figure in Soviet educational psychology as Academician D.I. Feldstein.
The problem of Childhood, which has always been exacerbated in the tense situation of the development of the Society, acquires particular complexity in modern conditions. The definition of the state of Childhood as the basis of reproduction and the bearer of the future society has a special meaning, giving rise to many questions.
What is Modern Childhood?
What factors determine its real state?
What are the possibilities, the strategy of constructive actions?
It is necessary to understand Childhood not as a set of children of different ages, but as a special holistically represented social phenomenon of the reproduction of society. The analysis carried out by scientists of the Russian Academy of Education shows quite serious diverse, diverse, multilevel changes occurring in childhood - both positive and negative. The child has become no worse or better than his peer twenty years ago, he just became different.
First of all, in the shortest five-year period, starting in 2008, the cognitive development of preschool children has sharply decreased.
Secondly, the energy of children, their desire to act actively has decreased. At the same time, emotional discomfort increased.
Thirdly, there is a narrowing of the level of development of the plot-role-playing game of preschoolers, which leads to underdevelopment of the motivational-need sphere of the child, as well as his will and arbitrariness.
Fourth, a survey of the cognitive sphere of older preschoolers revealed extremely low indicators in those actions of children that require internal retention of the rule and operation in terms of images. The underdevelopment of the internal plan of action and the reduced level of children's curiosity and imagination are clearly recorded.
Fifth, attention is drawn to the underdevelopment of fine motor skills of the hand of older preschoolers, the lack of graphic skills. The lack of volitionality - both in the mental and motor spheres of a preschooler - is one of the most disturbing, reliably established facts.
At sixth, there is a lack of social competence of 25% of children of primary school age, their helplessness in relations with peers, inability to resolve the simplest conflicts.
Seventh, as the data obtained over 15 years (from 1997 to 2012) show, the number of children aged 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 years old with speech development disorders has significantly (almost 2 times) increased (from 40 to 60%, varying in different regions). An increasing number of children have serious problems with the ability to read and understand the text.
Eighth, the unwillingness of a significant part of today's schoolchildren to study is a serious concern.
Ninth, the activation of the communication process at the adolescent stage of ontogeny and the increased need to present oneself to the world are blocked by the lack of appropriate structures that are adequate to the needs and capabilities of a growing person.
tenth, an unfavorable trend is the impoverishment and limitation of live, tactile communication of children, including adolescents, with peers, the growth of loneliness, rejection, and a low level of communicative competence. If in the early 90s many teenagers were distinguished by a feeling of loneliness, but at the same time their anxiety was in 4-5 places in terms of the strength of manifestation, then in 2012, anxiety among 12-15-year-olds came in 2nd place.
Eleventh, there are more and more children with emotional problems, who are in a state of affective tension due to a constant feeling of insecurity, lack of support in a close environment and therefore helplessness.
Twelfth, in adolescent children, regressive changes occur in the brain supply of cognitive activity, and the increased activity of subcortical structures due to the hormonal process leads to a deterioration in the mechanisms of voluntary regulation.
thirteenth, observations in the dynamics of the physical development of children revealed a tendency to a progressive decrease in the rate of their longitudinal growth, an increase in asthenization of the physique, and a lag in the increase in muscle strength.
Fourteenth, in the population of modern growing people, a large group is made up of children who are characterized by an unfavorable, problematic course of mental development in ontogenesis.
Significant progress has taken place in the process of individualization and socialization of children, especially clearly manifested in adolescence. Starting in 2007, adolescents have come to the fore strong-willed and somatic value orientations. There is a negative dynamics of cultural and social value orientations. Adolescents, already showing their view of the world, their voice, position themselves in relation to the world of children and the world of adults, creating a variety of informal associations that satisfy their need for self-expression, shocking, challenging and demonstrating their relationship to the world.
Influencing factors
Among the factors that determine the fundamental changes in children are, firstly, marketization, the ethics of the market, which strengthens the orientation of children towards consumption, as well as adoption, which separates the child from the cultural traditions of society.
Secondly, marginalization, the growth of deviations. Children are given diagnoses that were previously given to adults when antidepressants are used for aggressive children. Today, boys are able to sympathize with other children only under the age of 8, girls up to 9-10 years. And boys can rejoice until about 7 years old, while girls practically do not know how to do this. In Childhood itself, many of the structures that formed it collapsed, relations between children changed, and “horizontal ties” became noticeably more complicated.
It should be noted that the changes in the modern child are associated not only with the socio-cultural processes that have transformed society, but also with the intensive evolutionary self-development of the modern person. The category of gifted children is growing all the time. Today's children later go through two growth spurts or two developmental crises.
The first leap, called adolescence, in our days, judging by the available data, falls not at the senior preschool age - six - six and a half years, as thirty years ago, but at seven - eight years.
The second jump, called puberty, associated with the process of puberty, also moved from fifth to sixth to eighth to ninth grade for girls and ninth to tenth grade for boys.
There is an unfavorable prognosis for further changes in the sphere of general mental development and the formation of the personality of a growing person.
First of all, low level of development of parental motivation. Today, children, including adolescents, who are characterized by an orientation towards adulthood, do not want to grow up.
Secondly Today, adults have become indifferent to other people's children.
Thirdly, most importantly, there is a loss of responsibility of adult society for children, a loss of public control and involvement of the Adult World in Childhood. All this is happening against the background of the degradation of the educational component in education.
The most important actively psychologically influencing factor in the development of Childhood is the change in the living space into which the child enters today, starting from infancy. Today, the Internet objectively increasingly “covers”, first of all, growing people. 93% (!) of teenagers constantly not only use, but, in fact, live through the Internet.
The consequences of the introduction of new information systems create huge problems of different levels and plans, affecting the growth - development of a person. The modern electronic communication system is distinguished by the ability to construct a real virtuality, reliably imitating reality on the screens of video equipment. The resulting screen dependence in the absence of a differentiated attitude leads to the child's inability to concentrate on any activity, hyperactivity, increased absent-mindedness. Children "grab" only separate fragments of diverse, fragmented information, which puts pressure on the process of their thinking, forming, in particular, the so-called "clip" thinking.
"Danger,- as Sidney J. Harris writes, - not that a computer will one day begin to think like a person, but that a person will one day begin to think like a computer”.
The risks are not just children leaving the real world for the virtual, but the risks of being subjected to harassment, aggression, bullying (“cyberbullying”, “trolling”) on the same Internet. Risks associated with filling the Internet with a mass of sites promoting anorexia, drugs, extremism, nationalism, calling on children not only to hate others, but also agitating for causing pain and harm to themselves.
Requirements for the new education system
An important factor that needs to be taken into account and studied is the very transitional nature of the modern era, which puts us all in an extremely difficult situation due to the lack of a national idea. It is necessary to develop appropriate conceptual and theoretical schemes for the new content of education, and new methods, forms, means of encouraging children to effectively acquire knowledge. This requires a serious modernization of the historically obsolete education system - a revision of all its components - goals, principles, content, technologies, criteria for assessing quality and effectiveness, aimed at the creative self-realization of a growing person, shaping him as a personality adapted to constant changes in the development of society.
Education, which worked well in the past, is no longer able to adequately prepare a creative person. The danger that the great Russian philosophers, starting with Vladimir Solovyov, warned about as early as Vladimir Solovyov, the danger of the degeneration of humanity into "animal humanity" has really grown, due to the fact that the growth of material needs outstrips the growth of spiritual needs.
"In fact, almost a miracle, Albert Einstein said half a century ago, that the present methods of teaching have not quite stifled the holy curiosity of man".
Today, general and special knowledge and skills acquired by children should not only ensure their level of development corresponding to the current historical state, readiness for productive activity, but also strengthen the ability of growing people to improve themselves. In the search being carried out today, the main thing is to determine the conditions that ensure the exit of society, its growing members to a historically different level of development.
Orientation towards the development of a person who is able to actively act in the 21st century objectively requires the introduction of new structural and content components in the education process, changes in the system of relations within the educational space.
The solution of the whole complex of extremely complex, but paramount tasks involves First of all, revealing, revealing the features and boundaries of the environment in which Childhood actually functions today.
Secondly, development and implementation of a program for a complete analysis of the state of Childhood itself, along the entire vertical of its development (at different periods, stages), in order to determine the nature and extent of changes, identifying and tracing emerging trends.
Thirdly, determining the characteristics of modern children's society, in the search for new forms of organization of preschool and school Childhood in their horizontal and vertical connections.
Fourth, development of new principles for organizing the educational process, with a combination of collective and individual forms of its structuring.
Fifth, search for technologies and mechanisms, ways to build the educational process, including the use of children of different ages.
At sixth, building a strategy for the training of teachers, educators and other specialists - kindergarteners.
Seventh, along with extensive research on the possibilities and mechanisms of using the Internet, the deployment of special work to identify its action, impact on the mental development of children.
Eighth, proceeding from the objective educational role of the book as a powerful tool that carries the most important information load, conducting a deep psychological, psychophysiological, didactic analysis aimed at finding new schemes, methods for building a book. Especially educational books, taking into account global changes in the perception and thinking of the modern child.
Ninth, conducting comparative studies of the features of obtaining visual (Internet, TV) and book information, determining the possibilities of their interaction.
tenth, considering the specifics of the modern information base in all the complexity of its organization.
The solution of the above-named and dozens of others, not named for lack of time, tasks involves the joint efforts of not only state, scientific, but also public structures.
Some terms used in the text:
Adoption
- artificial inclusion of an individual in any group.
Astenization
- impotence, weak muscles, neuropsychic weakness.
Androgyny
- bisexual, the presence in an individual of one sex of the sexual characteristics of the other sex (bisexuality).
Gracilization
- elegance.
Deseleration
- slowdown, unevenness.
Marketization
- Strengthening the focus on consumption.
Marginalization
- mismatch in the system of relations.
Militarization- subordination to military purposes.
Somatic
bodily, associated with the body.
secular trend
(secular) - high rates of acceleration; differences between population groups in terms of physique.
Juvenileization
(from youthful) - immature.
Sput- a jerk, a sharp increase.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS
OF THE DRAFT STRATEGY FOR ACTION IN THE INTEREST OF CHILDREN FOR 2012 - 2017 IN THE IRKUTSK REGION.
"Juvenile justice in Russia is categorically unacceptable."
Commissioner for Children's Rights under the President of the Russian Federation Pavel Astakhov in an interview with Interfax on December 13, 2012.
"I support and will continue to support the system of juvenile justice and social patronage."
Commissioner for Children's Rights under the Governor of the Irkutsk Region S. Semenova in an interview with the newspaper "Vostochno-Sibirskaya Pravda" November 20, 2012.
INTRODUCTION
JUVENAL JUSTICE, JUVENAL TECHNOLOGIES AND PUBLIC REACTION.
CONTRADICTION OF THE TERMS USED IN THE STRATEGY.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT OF THE STRATEGY IN EXAMPLES.
The main problems in the field of childhood.
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE STRATEGY.
The presumption of family guilt.
Separate from the family consideration of the child.
Priority of international law over Russian family law.
Control over budget financing of social programs.
FINDINGS.
INFORMATION SOURCES.
INTRODUCTION.
The problems of the family, childhood and upbringing must attract the close attention of the citizens of the Russian Federation, since they concern everyone to one degree or another. The development, discussion and adoption of documents affecting the listed problems should take place in the maximum possible open environment, and any changes should be made delicately and without shocks. Each innovation should be fully justified, taking into account, on the one hand, the existing world experience, and, on the other hand, the specifics of Russia and its regions. Preparation of "raw" documents by any date in a short time is unacceptable.
Unfortunately, in the case of the draft “Strategy of Actions for Children for 2012-2017 in the Irkutsk Region” (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy), signs of a “raw” document can be found:
1. Insufficient level of information about the Strategy. According to various reports, initially, public discussions were given from 3 to 10 days, which is not enough to make comments on such a serious document. Such a statement of the issue forced members of the public to hold a protest action and collect signatures under an appeal to the Governor of the Irkutsk Region S.V. Eroshchenko with a demand to suspend the adoption of the Strategy for its wide public discussion.
2. Lack of discussion in popular and authoritative media in the region. In fact, this analysis is the only attempt known to the authors to systematize and substantiate claims to the Strategy.
3. Inconsistency of the priorities set in the section "main problems in the field of childhood", a real problem situation in the Irkutsk region. These problems are described in the General remarks on the strategy section.
4. The terms used in the text of the Strategy are not defined.. This creates the danger of their double interpretation. This is discussed in more detail in the section “Inconsistency in terms used in the strategy”.
5. The strategy can detect errors and misinterpretation of statistical data. Specific examples are given in the Critical Analysis of the Strategy Text in Examples section.
The authors of this analysis consider it their duty to uphold traditional family values, actively exercising their civil rights for the widest possible discussion of family and childhood problems. Activists of the "Irkutsk City Parents' Committee" and the Irkutsk branch of the All-Russian public organization "The Essence of Time" have experience in resisting various juvenile initiatives that, in our opinion, can harm or are already harming our society and state.
Unfortunately, in connection with the requirements of the developers of the Strategy to urgently provide critical comments, this document presents only a small part of the available comments.
JUVENAL JUSTICE, JUVENAL TECHNOLOGIES AND PUBLIC REACTION.
Before proceeding to a specific description of the comments on the Strategy, we consider it necessary to consider the introduction of juvenile technologies and the entire system of juvenile justice in Russia and to characterize the socio-political situation associated with legislative initiatives in this area.
Juvenile justice is often understood only as specialized judiciary and juvenile justice. One could talk about such juvenile justice 100 years ago. Currently, juvenile justice, as it has developed in Western countries, is a legal system that includes a regulatory framework, specialized bodies, including non-state ones, carrying out actions based on procedures established by law, aimed at realizing and ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of the child. . The existing system of juvenile justice includes a whole complex of non-judicial bodies and technologies, and juvenile courts are only a part of this system.
In the Russian Federation, from the moment of its creation, relying on Western experience, separate juvenile technologies are gradually being introduced. Recently, especially in 2012, there has been a trend towards the finalization of the juvenile justice system in Russia. What is the experience of this system in Western countries, from which we take an example? The main features of juvenile justice are as follows:
· The child is separated from the family, he is considered as a separate subject of law. The state, not the parents, becomes the protector of the rights and interests of the child. In fact, the priority of the rights of the child over the rights of all other categories of citizens, including parents, is formalized.
· Prohibition of any form of violence against children. Moreover, the concept of violence is highly perverted. Violence refers to anything, including ordinary educational measures and even excessive love.
· The almost complete absence of punishment of minors for committing illegal acts.
· Blurred wording in normative documents, which formalizes extremely broad powers to remove children from the family. The reason for the removal of children can be the appeal of the child himself, and the complaint of any person.
The experience of using the juvenile justice system in Western countries is mostly very negative. Examples of the operation of this system are on everyone's lips. This is the seizure of 4 children, including a newborn, in Finland from Anastasia Zavgorodnya for a slap on the pope. This is a seizure in France due to the “suffocating maternal love” of Natalia Zakharova’s daughter. Examples of actions against Russian citizens are given, but this applies not only to our compatriots abroad. According to French experts, out of 2 million social orphans in France, about 1 million have been taken away illegally. In fact, there is a presumption of family guilt. Children are first seized, and then parents must prove their innocence. On average, in Western countries, guardianship authorities remove about 5% of all children from families. The removal of children by guardianship authorities leads to an increase in the number of suicides, both among parents and among children. Extremely lenient treatment of juvenile delinquents leads to an increase in adult-led juvenile delinquency. Paris and other European capitals were actually swept by a wave of child crime. In no country in the world, juvenile justice has led to a decrease in juvenile delinquency, on the contrary, according to statistics in calm Scandinavian countries with a developed juvenile system, juvenile delinquency has increased 20 times in recent years. The result of the juvenile justice system is the destruction of the family, the unwillingness to have children. In Germany, in September 2012, protests were held in several large cities by parents who suffered from German guardianship authorities using juvenile technologies. In Finland, the anti-fascist committee is fighting juvenile justice, calling it a modern covert form of fascism.
It is not surprising that the introduction of the juvenile justice system in Russia causes large-scale public protest. During the introduction of this system, the experience of its functioning in Western countries is absolutely not voiced. The introduction is carried out by copying Western approaches and under Western patronage. Representatives of UNICEF and the Council of Europe participate in the consideration of normative documents by our legislators. Recent documents, including the National Strategy for Action in the Interests of Children for 2012-2017 and the bills, briefly called “On Social Patronage” and “On Public Control”, directly refer to European and international legislation and prescribe the need to refine Russian legislation in accordance with international . Such a "political" approach, without the necessary analysis of existing experience, causes public outrage. The national strategy was signed in just 3 days, and the society did not have time to react in time. But there was a serious struggle with respect to these bills. A wave of protest actions swept across the country, the Izvestia newspaper published an open letter to the President of the Russian Federation, signed by 42 prominent figures of science and culture, subsequently the number of signatories increased to 147. More than 141 thousand signatures against the adoption of these bills. All this led to the fact that the consideration of problematic bills was postponed indefinitely.
Now in the Irkutsk region, despite the scale of the protest in the country, a Regional Action Strategy for Children is being adopted, which is based on the National Strategy, and in addition directly refers to the Council of Europe Strategy for the Protection of the Rights of the Child for 2012-2015, and in general to European acts and norms of international law. That is, it is planned not only at the federal level, but also at the level of the Irkutsk region, a full-scale introduction of Western juvenile technologies. At the same time, the text of the Draft Regional Strategy is very crude and raises a lot of questions. Those. there is a "political" approach to the process of adopting this document. This has already caused indignation of the population of the Irkutsk region. On November 17, a picket was held in Irkutsk demanding to postpone the adoption of the Regional Strategy and ensure its wide public discussion. On November 20, the Governor of the Irkutsk region was given an appeal with the same requirements, which were signed by 1805 citizens of the Irkutsk region. In the future, the protest will only grow.
Is there a real need for the adoption of the Regional Strategy in the described socio-political situation? If so, is it advisable to adopt a "raw" document in a hurry, thus causing a legitimate protest of citizens?
CONTRADICTION OF THE TERMS USED IN THE STRATEGY.
The question of the terms used is relevant, primarily from the point of view that the Strategy is being considered, which should set development goals and describe measures to achieve them. But the use of terms without a formal definition does not make it possible to assess the adequacy of the proposed goals and activities, and also creates grounds for abuse in the implementation of the Strategy in practice.
We list some of these definitions.
- family trouble
- social infrastructure to help and assist families and children
- difficult life situation
- the desire of adults to manipulate the opinion of the child
- child abuse
Let's take a closer look at the term "child abuse". The question about the criteria for cruelty was repeatedly asked to senior officials of the guardianship authorities and the Commissioner for Children's Rights in the Irkutsk Region. No clear answers were received. Obviously, the drafters of the Strategy take this wording for granted. However, it becomes clear from the example below that this is far from the case. The fate of specific children and families will depend on the specific content of key concepts.
To do this, we cite the opinion expressed by Elena Timoshina, senior researcher at the Research Center No. 1 at the Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, in the report “What is child abuse?” at the XX Christmas Readings (section "Juvenile Justice: New Aspects") Timoshina analyzes methodological recommendations No. 18 on the prevention of child abuse and domestic violence, which he refers to in his articles Regulations for Interdepartmental Cooperation on Identifying Family Trouble, Organizing Work with Disadvantaged families. Further quote:
“In this regard, I would like to note some of the provisions of the Guidelines for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Domestic Violence [Guidelines No. 18], (compiled not by psychologists, not teachers, not lawyers, but by pediatricians, in particular, signed by the chief pediatrician of the Health Committee Government of Moscow A.G. Rumyantsev back in 2000).
The methodological recommendations are addressed to a fairly wide range of people, including law enforcement officials, however, as instructions for implementation, they are recommended to employees of healthcare, education, social protection of the population to take "adequate effective measures to protect the rights of the child in their daily activities." The document explains which, in the opinion of its drafters, there are "the most common forms of child abuse." The guidelines refer to the international statistical classification of diseases and highlight: physical, psychological, moral, sexual cruelty, child neglect, as well as the syndrome of unspecified child abuse.
Moral cruelty, according to methodological recommendations, is manifested due to the lack of food, clothing, housing, medical care appropriate for the age and needs of the child; lack of care and supervision of the child; lack of attention and love for the child, and other circumstances.
“Most often, the basic needs of children are neglected by parents or persons replacing them: alcoholics; drug addicts; young parents who do not have parenting skills; parents with a low socio-economic standard of living; having chronic diseases, disability; survivors of childhood abuse; socially isolated."
To the external manifestations of the consequences of moral cruelty, methodological recommendations include:
lagging behind in weight and height from peers;
Pediculosis, scabies;
frequent "accidents", purulent and chronic infectious diseases;
advanced caries;
lack of vaccinations;
delayed speech and mental development;
Messy clothes
tired sleepy appearance of the child, pale face, swollen eyelids;
In infants diaper rash and rashes.
Among the features of the behavior of children, allegedly indicating the moral violence of their parents towards them, the recommendations list: inability to play; constantly seeking attention or participation; extremes of behavior - infantilism or acceptance of the role of an adult, behavior in a "pseudo-adult manner", aggressiveness or isolation, hyperactivity or depression, indiscriminate friendliness or unwillingness to communicate; cruelty to animals; masturbation, rocking in chairs, sucking fingers, etc. (the list of signs is not exhaustive).
verbal threats against the child, constant criticism of the child;
deprivation of the child of social contacts;
presenting excessive demands to the child that do not correspond to his age or abilities;
The characteristics of children subjected to emotional (psychological) violence, according to the compilers of the guidelines, are:
Children's inability to concentrate
Poor performance
· low self-esteem;
Anger, aggression
neurosis, enuresis, tics, obesity, skin diseases, asthma, etc.”
It is quite obvious that 100% of all children and parents fall under the above criteria of "abuse", depending on the specific life situation. Accordingly, if the workers of the social services of the Irkutsk region begin to be guided in their activities, for example, by the document indicated above, this will mean a declaration by the state of war to destroy the institution of the family.
The parent community of the Irkutsk region wants to know exactly what the developers of the Strategy mean by the terms indicated at the beginning of the section.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT OF THE STRATEGY IN EXAMPLES.
Statistics show that over the past 5-7 years there has been a positive trend in almost all indicators characterizing the situation in the sphere of family, motherhood and childhood in the Irkutsk region. With the improvement since the beginning of the 00s of the economic well-being of the majority of the country's population, the main social indicators have also improved.
According to the Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System, in the Irkutsk region in recent years, the situation with medical care for citizens has significantly improved, mortality (including child mortality) has decreased, the number of marriages has increased, the birth rate is growing, the number of abortions is decreasing, the number of suicide. 
It is also impossible not to note the improvement in indicators directly related to children: the number of minor victims has significantly decreased; the number of juveniles who have committed criminal and administrative offenses has decreased manifold; the number of child victims of criminal encroachments is steadily decreasing. 
These data partially agree with those presented in the Strategy. The document states that most of the real problems in the field of childhood have economic and social causes:
• low income of parents and, as a result, general poverty of families, especially those with many children;
high level of alcoholism, both adults and minors.
To this we can add the lack of effective measures to ensure a healthy moral background in society on the part of the state (the dominance of corrupting and corrupting children programs on TV and materials on the Internet, unimpeded access of minors to alcohol and tobacco, etc.), a high level of divorces in the Irkutsk region.
Despite the emerging trends, when analyzing the Strategy, it turns out that the authors deliberately create a general unfavorable picture in the field of childhood problems. Often, statistics are distorted, misinterpreted or biased, with a conscious emphasis on the supposedly ever-increasing threat to childhood from the family and parents.
So, on page 2 of the Strategy, the following data is given:
… in 2011 there were 131 cases of child suicide, which is 13.3% more than in 2008.
The authors of the strategy further emphasize that one of the important causes of child suicide is an unhealthy situation in the family and insufficient attention of parents to the problems of children, the fault of parents is fixed. In support of this thesis, data on childhood suicides are given. But this comparison is only for two years that are not the closest, as if there were no 2009 and 2010. And there is something to pay attention to:
According to the statistics of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for the Irkutsk Region, in 2011 there were 131 cases of child suicide (in 2010 - 166, in 2009 - 160, in 2008 - 98). (Report of the Commissioner for Children's Rights in the Irkutsk region on the observance of the rights of the child in 2011).
There are also data from the Territorial Office of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Irkutsk Region, indirectly confirming the opposite general dynamics in the Irkutsk Region.
Accordingly, we have the right to conclude that the data given in the Strategy do not give a complete picture of what is happening and distort the true state of affairs.
The death of a child who kills himself is, of course, always terrible, and our region is one of the first places in the country in the number of child suicides. But this is not a reason to start a hysteria about an “epidemic of child suicides” out of the blue. The fact that almost every such case is loudly promoted by the media plays into the hands of those who want to inflate the fire of human indignation, which often make their ratings based on human grief.
The next important point is how the authors of the document are trying to present the general situation with violence and cruelty towards children in the Irkutsk region.
... Child abuse is unacceptably widespread, including physical, emotional, sexual abuse of children, neglect of their basic needs.
… Another of the acute and urgent problems today is the problem of violence against children and cruel treatment of them. A significant part of the crimes against the life, health and sexual integrity of children is committed in the family, as well as by persons legally obliged to take care of the child.
The wording leaves no room for ambiguity. According to the authors, the Irkutsk region has been overwhelmed by a wave of child abuse, and the family is portrayed as one of the main sources of this danger. Well, let's try to understand the validity of these statements.
… According to the results of work in 2011 in the Irkutsk region, guardianship and guardianship authorities took away 120 children from their parents at a direct threat to life or health, 47 cases of child abuse were identified.
47 detected cases per year with a total number of children over half a million - do these data indicate that children in our region are treated cruelly "unacceptably widely"? Evidence confirming rampant domestic violence against children is not presented by the authors. As we have shown above, the statistics show a constant decrease in negative trends, the number of illegal acts against minors in the Irkutsk region is steadily declining. There is a situation when, out of a small number, but blatant in cruelty and inhumanity, the number of cases of child abuse, they are trying to make the whole picture of family relationships gloomy.
In confirmation of the positive dynamics, we find data in the very text of the Strategy:
“During 8 months of 2012, police officers of the region initiated 86 criminal cases on the facts of improper performance by parents of the duties of raising minors, associated with systematic child abuse. In 2009, 359 such crimes were detected, in 2010 - 260, and in 2011 - 162.
A clear decrease in negative trends, and, as can be seen from the statistics, a multiple. However, the authors of the document are trying to distort the real state of affairs. On page 5 we read:
“More than fifteen thousand people are brought to administrative responsibility for the failure of legal representatives to fulfill the duties of raising and maintaining children”.
Terrible numbers, where did they come from? Only a person who is closely familiar with the topic is clear that this example is not about the Irkutsk region, but about the situation in the country as a whole. The above passage is copied in full from the text of the National Strategy for Action in the Interests of Children and inserted in the context of data on the situation in the Irkutsk region. As a result, the reader may get the wrong impression that the situation with violence against children is catastrophic. We consider this to be one of the numerous attempts of unscrupulous coverage of the problem and manipulation of public opinion by the authors of the Strategy.
“In 2011, 1,793 teenagers were brought to criminal responsibility for committing crimes”.
Why do the authors of the document not give a complete picture of the dynamics of incidents over the years? Obviously because the dynamics here are positive. Compared to 2008, there was a 2-fold decrease in criminal offenses by minors (see the corresponding chart).
A close examination of the document reveals absolutely egregious facts of arbitrary treatment of figures.
... Unfortunately, the number of orphans and children left without parental care in the total number of children in the Irkutsk region has been increasing over the past 3 years (at the beginning of 2010 - 4.1%, at the beginning of 2011 - 4 %).
How is it, why suddenly 4 became more than 4.1? Due to the demographic decline of past years, the total number of children in the Irkutsk region has been steadily falling in recent years, which gives every reason to draw the opposite conclusion - the number of disadvantaged children is not increasing, but decreasing. And if the authors have data for three years, then why are they only given for two? Obviously, the drafters of the Strategy are not always guided by the principles of good faith, the desire to necessarily show negative dynamics often defeats even common sense.
... The problems of teenage alcoholism, drug addiction and substance abuse are acute: almost a quarter (36.5%) of crimes are committed by minors in a state of intoxication.
This passage deserves special attention. Not only is it a complete copy of the "National Strategy ...", but also a quarter of the authors of the document is 36.5%! And the fact, meanwhile, requires special conclusions - young people in the region consume dope much more than their peers in the country. Is this not a reason to sound the alarm? As it turns out, no. The authors of the strategy do not attribute this moment to the main problems in the field of childhood.
However, this is not all. Further reading of the document on page 35 reveals that:
…201 teenagers (22.9%) committed crimes in 2011 while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
And what data to trust? The difference between 36.5 and 22.9 is too significant to be attributed to an error. In our opinion, the above passages indicate the haste with which the Strategy was written. There is a negligence in the handling of statistical data, the inconsistency of the data presented in the document.
... The regional statistics of juvenile delinquency, with a reduction in absolute indicators, nevertheless indicates an unfavorable state in the teenage environment. Juvenile delinquency is on the rise. So, if in 2007 the district courts of the Irkutsk region convicted 1,982 teenagers, then in 2011 - 878. However, in 2007, out of the indicated number of convicts, 14.8% of minors had an unexpunged or outstanding conviction, while in 2011 this indicator increased to 21.7%.
Recalculating the given data, we get 293 relapses in 2007 and 191 in 2011. Therefore, in absolute terms, there is a decrease. We can talk about the strengthening of trouble in the teenage environment only if the overall picture of juvenile delinquency is stable or tends to increase. Against the background of a general decrease in crimes, a temporary surge in the relative number of relapses is easy to explain - this occurs disproportionately to the general trend, since the time factor is not considered. Relapses come from past crimes, which, according to statistics, are more in 2007 than in 2011. Therefore, this statistic does not indicate anomalous recidivism problems and calls into question the special emphasis on the problem of recidivism.
Having considered the above examples, we can assume that the authors of the Strategy present the situation with childhood problems exclusively in black colors for a specific purpose. This goal, in our opinion, is found in the following passage from the Strategy on page 5:
… measures taken in the region in the field of organizing individual preventive work in relation to families and minors who are in a socially dangerous situation have reduced their number by 28% compared to 2011, but the situation remains quite serious and requires adoption even more drastic measures in the organization of systematic work to prevent family problems based on interagency cooperation and continuity.
It is not difficult to assume that “cardinal measures” mean the expansion of the powers of the guardianship and guardianship authorities - the developers of this document - in order to more actively interfere in the affairs of the family. This testifies to the general juvenile orientation of the Strategy, which tries to provide justification for building relationships between children and state bodies, bypassing parents.
The main problems in the field of childhood.
After listing the statistical data, describing the general situation in the field of childhood in the Irkutsk region and listing the actions taken by state bodies, the authors of the document come to the key point - highlighting the "Main Problems in the Field of Childhood". Key because, based on these major problems, the authors will further propose the Action Strategy for 2012-2017 itself. So, the key issues are:
1. Insufficient effectiveness of existing mechanisms for ensuring and protecting the rights and interests of children, failure to comply with international standards in the field of children's rights.
2. High risk of poverty at the birth of children, especially in large and single-parent families.
3. Prevalence of family problems, child abuse and all forms of violence against children.
4. Low efficiency of preventive work with dysfunctional families and children, widespread practice of deprivation of parental rights.
5. Social exclusion of vulnerable categories of children (orphans and children left without parental care, disabled children and children in a socially dangerous situation).
6. Social infrastructure that does not meet modern needs to provide assistance and assistance to families and children who find themselves in a difficult life situation, necessary to solve problems, eliminate the causes and conditions for their occurrence.
7. The growth of new risks associated with the dissemination of information that is dangerous for children.
8. Lack of effective mechanisms to ensure the participation of children in public life, in resolving issues that directly affect them.
In our opinion, the main problems of children are identified incorrectly. And the above analysis of the text of the strategy suggests that when identifying the main problems, the authors of the Strategy did not start from the real situation, from real statistics, but formulated the problems based on their opinion and their wishes. Now let's look at these points in more detail.
1. The Russian Federation is a sovereign independent state. The main law of the country is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which clearly regulates the basic rights and obligations of children and parents, guarantees the inviolability and protection of the family, motherhood and childhood. Substantially, these issues are regulated by the Family Code of the Russian Federation and a number of other regulatory legal acts. It is to these documents that attention should be paid when drawing up the Strategy, and not at all to international standards, which are not clear how to implement on our territory. This issue is discussed in more detail in the “General remarks on the Strategy” section.
2. Of course, poverty and low living standards are one of the main problems of the modern Russian family. We fully support highlighting this problem as a priority.
3. It is not entirely clear what the authors of the strategy mean by “family trouble”. We believe that this point requires additional decoding. Most likely, we are talking about the negative aspects of family life - conflicts, scandals, divorces. If so, then this is indeed one of the main dangers for the Russian family and requires preventive assistance from the state. Maltreatment and violence against children in the family are not priority problems. As we have shown above, isolated cases of cruelty and neglect should not give rise to discredit the entire institution of the family.
4. Statistical data, if they do not completely refute, then at least do not confirm the low efficiency of the work of the responsible authorities in relation to dysfunctional families. As has been repeatedly said by both federal and local officials, the existing system allows to effectively solve the problems of impact on dysfunctional families.
6. Along with the “new risks”, by which the authors obviously understand the dissemination and uncontrolled access by minors to negative information on the Internet, there are also a large number of old and well-known risks: a lot of corrupting and corrupting information in the media; availability of alcohol, tobacco and drugs; lack of proper control over visits by children and adolescents to "adult" establishments, etc. We believe that this point should be as specific as possible.
7. This issue, in our opinion, definitely does not belong to the category of “main problems”. There are more important areas in which the state should spend the time of its employees and budget money.
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE STRATEGY.
Presumption of family guilt.
From the text of the Draft Regional Strategy, in fact, the presumption of guilt of the family follows. In support of this statement, the following quotes from the text of the strategy can be cited.
Child abuse is unacceptably widespread, including physical, emotional, sexual abuse of children and neglect of their basic needs.(page 4).
This phrase is framed by data on the number of children removed from families and the number of parents held accountable. Therefore, it is logical to refer it to the family, although the scale of domestic violence on average in the country is estimated at 5% of the total violence against children, i.e. 95% of violence takes place outside the family. The total number of affected children in the family is estimated at 0.02% of all children in the country.
... in the data bank on families and minors in a socially dangerous situation, was ...(page 5).
Providing for all children a safe and comfortable family environment, in which the rights of the child are respected and any form of abuse is excluded from him.(page 12).
A significant part of the crimes against the life, health and sexual inviolability of children is committed in the family, as well as by persons legally obliged to take care of the child.(page 36).
These are only a small part of the quotes, but they are enough to form the idea that a real threat to children lurks in the family. Not on the streets and crossroads, not in doorways and passages, not in clubs and discos, not in any other places, namely in the family. The family does not have a safe and comfortable environment, and the state has to deal with its provision. Thus, a presumption of family guilt is formed. Moreover, dysfunctional families are not mentioned here, therefore, this applies to any family.
Consideration of the child separate from the family.
Unlike the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Family Code of the Russian Federation, which say that “motherhood and childhood, the family are under the protection of the state”, “care for children, their upbringing is an equal right and duty of parents” (clauses 1 and 2, art. 38 Constitution of the Russian Federation), “Family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood in the Russian Federation are under the protection of the state. Family law proceeds from the need to strengthen the family, build family relations on feelings of mutual love and respect, mutual assistance and responsibility to the family of all its members, the inadmissibility of arbitrary interference by anyone in family affairs ... ”(clause 1, article 1 of the RF IC). “Parents have the right and duty to raise their children” (clause 1, article 63 of the RF IC). In the Draft Regional Strategy, children are mainly considered separately from the family, as subjects of law. For example, several quotes from the Draft Strategy can be cited.
… protecting the rights of every child, ensuring timely (at an early stage) response and taking the necessary set of measures …(page 12)
In accordance with the international obligations of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to ensure children's access to justice, regardless of their procedural legal capacity and status, which will contribute to the creation of child-friendly justice.(page 33)
Raising citizenship in children, expanding their knowledge in the field of human rights.(page 41)
Development and implementation of improved educational programs that provide children with knowledge in the field of human rights and the rights of the child, with the inclusion of a special section on the practical application of the acquired knowledge.(page 41)
It is noteworthy that the legislator puts the education of citizenship on a par with "human rights", and not on a par with the education of patriotism, love for the motherland, the education of a citizen's responsibility to the state and society. Thus, the Draft Strategy does not talk about raising a child, as a result of which he should become a full-fledged adult member of society, but only about protecting his rights and obligatory familiarizing him with the rights and ways to implement them. A one-sided approach to protecting rights without clarifying obligations, educating responsibility leads to the growth of an overly individualized, asocial personality.
Since the strategy talks about the family mainly as a threat, it is understood that the protection of rights should be carried out by the state without the participation of parents. The child is given the opportunity to be a full-fledged subject of "adult" relations, and, in essence, the subject of the decomposition of family foundations from the inside. This in no way contributes to the strengthening of the family prescribed in the Family Code, building family relations on feelings of mutual love and respect, mutual assistance and responsibility to the family of all its members. On the contrary, it destroys the authority of parents and teachers, which is necessary for the upbringing of a full-fledged personality, and destroys family relationships.
Priority of international law over Russian family law.
One of the priorities of the Strategy is to bring the current legislation of the Irkutsk region in line with international standards. Throughout the entire text of the document, there are constant references to various international conventions and rules, calls to follow them and guidelines to change regional legislation in accordance with them.
When reading some sections of the Strategy, one may get the impression that the Irkutsk Region is an independent subject of international law or is directly subordinate to foreign and international organizations. In particular, page 40 mentions the Council of Europe Strategy for the Protection of the Rights of the Child for 2012-2015, a document regulating the activities of foreign state bodies that in no way has any relation to the Irkutsk region, as a subject of the Russian Federation, or to the Russian Federation itself. Conventions and other international documents are mentioned in different sections of the Strategy a total of 7 times, while the main law of the country - the Constitution of the Russian Federation - only 2 times.
The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in its ruling (N 875-О-О dated May 26, 2011) indicates that the Family Code of the Russian Federation is a specification of the provision of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the state protection of the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood. Consequently, it is these documents - the Constitution and the Family Code of the Russian Federation - that the drafters of the Strategy should be guided by, as fundamental documents regulating childhood issues.
The document also contains a number of proposals, the implementation of which is in direct conflict with the current Russian legislation. In particular, page 33 of the Strategy states:
…In accordance with the international obligations of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to ensure children's access to justice, regardless of their procedural legal capacity and status, which will contribute to the creation of child-friendly justice.
Since the mentioned international obligations are not directly named in this passage, it can be assumed that we are talking about the European Convention on the Exercise of Children's Rights, which states in particular:
Article 5. Other possible procedural rights
The Parties shall consider the possibility of granting children additional procedural rights in the course of legal proceedings affecting their interests, in particular:
(a) The right to request assistance from an appropriate person, whom the children themselves choose, to help them express their opinion;
b) the right to apply in person, or through other persons or through other bodies, for the appointment of an independent representative, in appropriate cases, a lawyer;
c) the right to apply for the appointment of his own representative;
d) the right to exercise all or part of the powers of a party in such proceedings.
We find indirect confirmation of this on page 41 of the Strategy:
…bringing the normative legal acts of the Irkutsk region in line with the European Convention on the Exercise of Children's Rights.
This convention by the Russian Federation not ratified, which makes it impossible to use it as a source of law on the territory of the Irkutsk region. Moreover, the quoted passage of the Convention contradicts the Family Code of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.
Control over budget financing of social programs.
Taking into account the social and public importance of the Strategy, one cannot but note the public's concern about the correctness of the priorities in the distribution of budgetary funds among the proposed implementers of specific provisions of the Strategy. The document repeatedly points out the need to involve various specialized non-profit organizations in the projects of the Strategy. In various sections of the document, it is assumed, in particular:
…increasing the availability of services for families with children through the active development and support of the sector of specialized non-profit organizations;
continuing to reform institutions for orphans and children left without parental care, by dividing them up, creating conditions in them close to family ones, taking into account international standards and modern methods of development, education, rehabilitation of orphans and children left without parental care, with the active participation of volunteers and non-profit organizations;
...development and implementation, with the participation of the non-profit sector, of a program to prepare pupils of institutions for orphans and children left without parental care for independent life after their stay in them;
... ensuring social partnership with non-profit organizations in matters of post-boarding support and adaptation of orphans and children left without parental care, as well as persons from among them.
These concerns are well founded. The fact is that a number of co-authors of the discussed draft Strategy are at the same time heads of NGOs receiving funds from the budget of the Irkutsk region, that is, in our opinion, they have a direct interest in promoting the implementation of certain programs.
Thus, a member of the Commission on Human Rights under the Governor of the Irkutsk Region, a member of the Public Chamber of the Irkutsk Region and at the same time the Chairman of the Expert Council under the Commissioner for Children's Rights in the Irkutsk Region, Sadovnikova M.N., is one of the co-authors of the draft strategy. Meanwhile, the structures controlled by Ms. Sadovnikova, the Youth Foundation for Human Rights Defenders “Yuventa” and the ANO “Irkutsk Mediation Center”, received a total of 2,252,000 and 2,162,000 rubles from the budget of the Irkutsk region in 2011-12 only within the framework of the “Point of Support” program, respectively. Auctions held with the participation of these organizations were declared invalid in all cases, due to the fact that each of these organizations has always been the only participant. However, state funding for these organizations has been provided in full.
Having carefully read the text of the Strategy, we also find constant references to the need to create so-called reconciliation services (pp. 38, 42), including in general education schools. These services are supposed to be created using mediation technologies. ANO "Irkutsk Mediation Center" is, in our opinion, the main candidate for the development of funds from future programs. There is every reason to believe so: at the moment, headed by M.N. Sadovnikova ANO "Irkutsk Mediation Center" with the support of the Commissioner for Children's Rights in the Irkutsk Region S.N. Semenova is already implementing a number of pilot projects in several educational institutions. Meanwhile, the involvement of this particular structure in working with children, according to our data, is in no way justified either from a methodological or from a legal point of view. The criterion on the basis of which this particular organization is allowed to work with children is not clear; according to our data, no corresponding competitions have been held.
It is necessary to prevent conflicts of interest, tribalism and non-transparency in the distribution of public funds.
Recognizing the correctness of the inclusion of NGOs in activities to protect the family, motherhood and childhood, it is necessary to point out, firstly, the priority of state institutions over private ones in obtaining appropriate funding. Secondly, to designate the provision of an adequate level of competition between non-profit organizations - recipients of budgetary funds, so that those that can provide the best performance of relevant services to the population receive state funding. Thirdly, to provide for an appropriate level of state control over the spending of funds by these non-profit organizations. Fourth, to ensure the involvement of NGOs in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.
FINDINGS.
From the presented analysis of the text of the Draft Regional Action Strategy for Children for 2012-2017 in the Irkutsk Region, the following disappointing conclusions can be drawn.
1. Based on the statistical data used in the project, unfounded conclusions are mainly drawn, in accordance with which, in turn, tasks are formulated. Those. the actions proposed in the Draft Regional Strategy do not correspond to the situation that is developing in the sphere of family and childhood.
2. The Draft Strategy contains direct references to specific European legal documents and to acts and norms of international law in general, which in many respects contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Family Code of the Russian Federation. Despite this, the Draft Strategy contains a requirement to bring the normative legal acts of the Irkutsk region in accordance with these norms.
3. The Draft Strategy proposes to use the Western experience of juvenile justice without a corresponding analysis of this experience, which is mostly negative, and the experience of using certain juvenile technologies in our country.
4. The draft strategy actually establishes the presumption of guilt of the family and the priority of the rights of children over other categories of citizens.
5. Children are actually treated separately from the family. The state is responsible for protecting their rights.
6. The strategy is based on the principle of protecting the rights of the child, although our age-old traditions imply the priority of education.
7. The result of the implementation of these points will be the destruction of the authority of parents and teachers, the destruction of the foundations of the family, the growth of discontent in society.
8. The draft regional strategy requires not just adjustments, but serious revision, changes in the basic concept from the protection of children's rights to the protection and support of the family, motherhood and childhood.
Based on the above, and taking into account that the development of such an important document, affecting almost every citizen and resident of the Irkutsk region, should be carried out in the most attentive and accurate manner, with the most complete consideration of the opinions of citizens, taking into account Russian traditions in raising a full-fledged person and with reasonable using any experience, and also realizing that the participation of the authors of this critical analysis in solving this problem is clearly not enough, we consider it appropriate to take the following actions in relation to the Draft Regional Strategy:
1. Postpone the adoption of the Regional Strategy.
2. Organize a broad public discussion of the Regional Strategy, including a qualified expert assessment of specialists and society, including specific recommendations for the formation of the Regional Strategy.
3. Revise the Regional Strategy, taking into account the results of public discussion.
INFORMATION SOURCES.
1. "Juvenile justice in Russia is categorically unacceptable - Astakhov."
http://www.interfax-russia.ru/main.asp?id=367812
2. The juvenile petition "Strategy for Action for Children" caused a public outcry.
http://www.vsp.ru/social/2012/11/20/527233
3. The project "Strategy of actions in the interests of children for 2012 - 2017 in the Irkutsk region".
http://society.irkobl.ru/sites/society/news/detail...
4. “A picket against juvenile justice took place in Irkutsk.”
http://www.irk.ru/news/20121119/juvenile/
5. RESOLUTION No. 1/12 Picket against the adoption of the Regional Action Strategy for Children for 2012-2017 in the Irkutsk region.
http://igrk.pravorg.ru/nasha_dejatelnost/view/id/1...
6. Medvedeva I. Shishova T. Legal invasion: what supporters of juvenile justice are silent about. However. No. 20, 2010.
http://www.odnako.org/blogs/show_3072
7. Kommersant Money magazine, No. 42 (899), 10/22/2012. The juvenile delinquent case.
http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2035479
8. Irina Medvedeva, Tatyana Shishova and others. Parents - to resign? Moscow, 2009.
http://lib.rus.ec/b/286553
9. Report on the rallies against Juvenile Justice in Germany.
10. Federal Statistical Office of Germany: "Number of preliminary protective measures for children and adolescents", as of 2012.
www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/...
11. Federal Statistical Office of Germany: "Birth rate in Germany", 2012.
www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoel...
12. Johan Beckman. Report at the press conference, Interfax, Moscow, June 01, 2010
http://www.demographia.ru/articles_N/index.html?id...
13. 147 scientists and cultural figures signed a letter about the threat of introducing juvenile justice in Russia.
14. Sulakshin S.S., Deeva M.V., Bachurina D.V., Bobrov E.V., Kuropatkina O.V., Netesova M.S., Repin I.V. The problem of foreign cultural juvenile justice in modern Russia. M.: Scientific expert, 2012. - 144 p.
15. SV gave Putin 141,000 signatures against the norms of YuYu.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8p-pU3UpceQ
16. What is child abuse?
http://ruskline.ru/analitika/2012/02/09/chto_takoe...
17. Data from the Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System.
http://www.fedstat.ru/indicators/start.do
18. Report of the Commissioner for Children's Rights in the Irkutsk region on the observance of the rights of the child in 2011.
http://irdeti.ru/index.php/deyatelnost/ezhegodnye-...
19. The standard of living of the population of the Irkutsk region. Economic and statistical collection. Irkutsk, 2010.
20. National Strategy for Action for Children 2012-2017.
http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/70083566/
21. The Constitution of the Russian Federation.
http://www.constitution.ru
22. Family Code of the Russian Federation.
http://www.consultant.ru/popular/family/
23. Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Definition of May 26, 2011 N 875-О-О
http://abexlege.ru/doc/opredelenie-ks.doc
24. European Convention on the Exercise of Children's Rights.
http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/eng/Treaties/Htm...
25. Register of published orders. Open auctions in electronic form No. 0134200000112001510, No. 0134200000111002380, No. 0134200000112001509, No. 0134200000111002295
http://zakupki.gov.ru
Prepared by:
Irkutsk branch of the All-Russian
social movement "Essence of time"
and
Irkutsk city parent committee.
December 2012
Chapter 1
The main problems in the field of childhood are:
1) insufficient effectiveness of the existing mechanisms for ensuring and protecting the rights and interests of children, failure to comply with international standards in the field of the rights of the child;
2) a high risk of poverty at the birth of children, especially in large and single-parent families;
3) prevalence of family problems, child abuse and all forms of violence against children;
4) low efficiency of preventive work with dysfunctional families and children, widespread practice of deprivation of parental rights and social orphanhood;
5) inequality between municipalities in terms of the volume and quality of available services for children and their families;
6) social exclusion of vulnerable categories of children (orphans and children left without parental care, disabled children and children in a socially dangerous situation);
7) the growth of new risks associated with the dissemination of information that is dangerous for children;
8) the lack of effective mechanisms for ensuring the participation of children in public life, in resolving issues that directly affect them.
Chapter 2. Key principles of the Regional Strategy
The key principles of the Regional Strategy are:
1) realization of the fundamental right of every child to live and be brought up in a family. In the Sverdlovsk Region, conditions should be created to ensure that the rights and legitimate interests of the child in the family are observed, their violations are detected in a timely manner and the organization of preventive assistance to the family and the child, the provision of targeted support to families in need of it with children in difficult life situations, and, if necessary, measures to arrange for children left without parental care to be brought up in families;
2) protection of the rights of every child. In the Sverdlovsk region, a system should be formed to ensure a response to the violation of the rights of each child without any discrimination, including diagnosing the situation, planning and taking the necessary measures to ensure the observance of the rights of the child and the restoration of violated rights; legal education; providing rehabilitation assistance to every child who is a victim of abuse or criminal assault;
3) maximum realization of the potential of each child. In the Sverdlovsk region, conditions should be developed for the formation of a decent life prospect for each child, his education, upbringing and socialization, the maximum possible self-realization in socially positive activities;
4) saving the health of each child. In the Sverdlovsk region, measures should be taken to create a need for a healthy lifestyle among families and children, universal early prevention of morbidity, the introduction of health-saving technologies in all areas of a child’s life, and the provision of qualified medical care in all situations;
5) assistance technologies focused on the development of the internal resources of the family, meeting the needs of the child and implemented with the support of the state. In the Sverdlovsk region, it is necessary to continue the introduction of effective social work technologies that rely on people's own activity, provide them with the opportunity to participate in solving their problems along with specialists, search for non-standard economic solutions;
6) special attention to vulnerable categories of children. In the Sverdlovsk region, in all cases, special and sufficient attention should be paid to children belonging to vulnerable categories. It is necessary to continue to introduce forms of work with such children that allow them to overcome their social exclusion and promote rehabilitation and full integration into society;
7) ensuring professionalism and high qualifications when working with each child and his family. In the Sverdlovsk region, the formation and implementation of a policy in the field of childhood should be based on the use of the latest achievements of science, modern technologies, including in the social sphere. It is necessary to develop conditions for high-quality training and regular advanced training of personnel in all sectors, one way or another connected with working with children and their families;
8) partnership in the name of the child. In the Sverdlovsk region, childhood policy should be based on social partnership technologies, public and professional expertise, implemented with the participation of the business community, by involving public organizations and international partners in solving urgent problems related to ensuring and protecting the rights and interests of children. It is necessary to take measures aimed at the formation of an open market of social services, the creation of a system of public control in the field of ensuring and protecting the rights of children.
The regional strategy has been developed for the period up to 2017 and is designed to ensure the achievement of existing international standards in the field of children's rights, the formation of a unified approach of the state authorities of the Sverdlovsk region, local governments of municipalities in the Sverdlovsk region, civil society institutions and citizens to determine goals, objectives, directions activities and priority measures to address the most pressing problems of childhood.
The regional strategy was developed taking into account the Strategy of the Council of Europe for the protection of the rights of the child for 2012-2015, approved on February 15, 2012 and includes the following main goals: promoting the emergence of child-friendly services and systems; elimination of all forms of violence against children; guaranteeing children's rights in situations where children are particularly vulnerable.
The implementation of the Regional Strategy is planned to be carried out in the following main areas: family policy of child protection; availability of high-quality education and upbringing, cultural development and information security of children; child-friendly health care and a healthy lifestyle; equal opportunities for children in need of special state care; creation of a system for protecting and ensuring the rights and interests of children and child-friendly justice; children are participants in the implementation of the Regional Strategy.
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The main problems, on the solution of which the coverage of all other issues of pedagogical anthropology depends, are the problems of children's nature.
However, for many centuries the child was perceived as a small adult, who, in accordance with this, should understand everything almost like an adult. Is the dialogue of the father indicative in this regard? with his son in one of the ancient Egyptian sources. The father is dissatisfied with his son's school success and reprimands him in the spirit that, for example, a donkey is an animal, they explain to him what they want from him, in human language, and he eventually understands what he needs to do, and the son is a man, and how can he not understand the explanation of the teacher, who speaks to him in his own, human language. For peoples living at the stage of tribal communities, childhood is very short - at 8-11 years old (among different peoples), after the initiation rite, the child becomes a full member of the tribe. Infanticide, the permitted destruction of children, has existed in many cultures for many centuries. In the myths of antiquity there are no children's characters. The child is not a subject of spiritual culture. The exceptions are some mythological heroes, but their childhood is evaluated according to the laws of adult behavior. A clear illustration of the non-perception of children's specifics are the canvases of medieval authors, in which the child was depicted with the proportions of an adult, but of small stature. It is possible to determine that this is a child only by a toy, an apple in the hands, or other details of belonging to childhood.
Even J.J. Rousseau, whose name is associated with the idea of child-centrism, considered childhood (in the individual and socio-historical sense) only as an illustration of what is the real, natural, not distorted by cultural layers, human nature.
The “discovery” of childhood happened gradually. Speaking about the period of childhood, medieval thought singled out the features inherent in all children in general: susceptibility, sinfulness and unreasonableness, and special ones inherent in different stages of childhood and different individuals. Compared with all other ages, susceptibility to education was considered a positive feature of childhood. Philip of Navarre, in his essay The Four Ages of Man, argued that childhood is the foundation of life, and on a good foundation a large and good building can be built.
A significant contribution to changing attitudes towards childhood was made by Erasmus of Rotterdam (1467-1536). In the process of raising a child, he believed, one must take into account age and not allow anything that exceeds the child's strength, even games. The educator needs to recognize the inclinations and abilities of the child as early as possible and rely on them, because a person more easily grasps what his nature is predisposed to. He argued that the inner world of a child is a divine world and cannot be treated with the cruelty that reigned towards him everywhere.
A scientific understanding of the originality of children's nature began to take shape only in the second half of the 19th century. based on the assertion of the intrinsic value of the child, his inclusion in the civil-legal and moral communities that provided children with legal and moral rights. But only in the XX century. there is a steady interest of society in childhood as a social phenomenon and a whole "children's" industry is formed, covering both the material and spiritual spheres. It was at this time, through the efforts of F. Frebel, N.F. Pestalozzi, M. Montessori and other reformers of pedagogy developed socio-psychological and cultural ideas about the special status of childhood, including the right of the child to play and play consciousness, which have a special role in the development of man and society as a whole.
In this regard, specific questions arose before philosophical and pedagogical anthropology: if the characteristics of the child's nature are due to his age, then what is the relationship between childhood and the general nature of man; whether children's nature expresses the original essence of man or whether human properties are acquired in the process of individual socialization and upbringing; is it permissible to evaluate the sincerity, openness, gullibility and other traits inherent in children as morally ideal qualities of a person; Does the task of education consist in the preservation and strengthening of these traits, or does the state of “moral innocence” characterize the moral infantilism of the individual?
The concept of childhood at the present stage is associated not with the biological state of maturity of the child, but with a certain social status, with the range of rights and obligations inherent in this period of life "with a set of types and forms of activity available to him - this is how historians define childhood. Psychologists interpret childhood as complex , a multidimensional phenomenon, which, having a biological basis, is mediated by many sociocultural factors. “A child appropriates society,” wrote D. B. Elkonin. “Everything that a child should have already exists in society, including needs, social tasks, motives and even emotions". V. A. Sukhomlinsky believed that childhood is the most important period of human life, not preparation for a future life, but a real, bright, original, unique life. A well-known psychologist and teacher F. Dolto wrote that a child is not a future a person, but simply a person who has the freedom to be and become, the right to be understood and accepted by others, the ability to accept and understand others, will commit l responsible choices, build relationships with adults not as hosts and mentors, but as equal, though not identical partners in life.
Humanist educators emphasized that understanding the supervalue of adult life leads to the conclusion that the world of childhood is completely devoted to the tasks of adapting the child to the world of adults. Adaptation based on complete obedience leads ultimately to the denial of the child's personality. Recognition of the inherent value of childhood has become a key idea of educational concepts of a humanistic orientation: the orphanages of J. Korczak, A. Neil's Summerhill, the new French school of S. Frenet, the free school community in Vickersdorf G. Vinet-kenadr.
According to prominent educators, it is the recognition of the intrinsic value of childhood that leads to the thought of the value of the child's present day. Pedagogical humanists argued that the educational activity of a teacher should be based on the idea of the absolute value of childhood and the needs of the child.
In modern, Russian legislation, the rights of the child are interpreted as the rights of a person who has age restrictions in capacity. They are a set of legislative norms aimed at protecting the interests of the child in all spheres of life. It is noted that the child is an independent subject of law, that children, as citizens of the state, must enjoy all human rights and freedoms and have appropriate guarantees for their implementation, that they cannot act on an equal basis with adults and need special protection and protection. The state, in the legal regulation of social relations, legislates special rights for children and the norms for their provision for all children in general, and in particular for children deprived of parental attention and care for various reasons.
The rights of the child are presented in the "UN Convention - an international treaty binding on the signatory parties. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child was ratified by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on July 13, 1990. The emergence of the Convention played a certain role in the process of humanization of education. The Convention calls adults to be responsible for the fate of children, emphasizes that childhood is the time of the most intensive development of a person, the formation of his personality, but it is in childhood that a person is the least protected and needs the help and support of elders.The Convention draws public attention to the legal protection of children from all forms of physical, mental and sexual violence. has the right to be protected from insults, rough treatment, he has the right to the care of adults.The Convention sets out in detail the rights of children who are physically and mentally handicapped, orphans and refugees, children prosecuted for offenses.An important place is occupied by articles about child protection and from economic exploitation, prohibiting the involvement of children in work that is dangerous to their health. A special place in the Convention is given to the problem of school discipline. The need for discipline for the safety of children is emphasized, attention is drawn to the methods of achieving it. Several articles deal with equal starting opportunities for children in the process of receiving education, which should be aimed at fostering respect for the national values of their own country, as well as for other civilizations.
In modern pedagogical science, the rights of the child are systematized for the first time:
The 1st group of rights - "social subsystem" - represents the rights of the child to a higher social status. This includes the rights of children to equality with adults in the discussion of common problems, to participate in reasoning and sentences to themselves, to complain, to protest, to freely exchange opinions and statements on any issue, to be protected from the arbitrariness of adults (tyranny and despotism). The right to protect one’s health, to secrecy and rejection of the hard work of growth, to self-government, to independently manage one’s own life, to property as respect for personal belongings and money, to respect for today and the current hour (the child lives today, and he is valuable as an individual today).
The 2nd group of rights is physical, or "environmental". Includes requirements for control over the child's environment.
3rd group of rights - "personal rights" associated with the inner life of the child, which are subjective in nature. The main one is the right to be yourself. Recognition of this right does not mean pedagogical passivity - it is about non-violence against the nature of the child, about the refusal to bring him under the standard or bring him into line with the goals that adults have set for themselves. Recognizing the right of the child to be who he is, the educator creates conditions for the development of the child, showing benevolence and understanding.
Societies differ in which age group has the highest status. In traditional cultures, the status of the individual steadily rises with the number of years lived, and the elderly have absolute authority. In an industrial society, able-bodied adults have the greatest influence, pushing pensioners to the periphery. In today's society, in which youth is the greatest value, belonging to the younger generation becomes a value in the labor market. The specificity of the modern industrial and post-industrial society is the ever-increasing rate of change, and the gap between the culture of different generations is increasing. In the 70s. XX century, as the speed of changes in the external environment increases, the internal differences between young people and old people inevitably become more and more noticeable. The pace of change becomes so staggering that a few years difference makes a big difference in a person's life experience. The younger generation, as the bearer of the most up-to-date knowledge and better prepared for the future, acquires a higher status than their parents. Adults begin to imitate children, learn their style of clothing, their jargon, listen to their music. It has become fashionable to make big feature films for adults based on cartoons and computer games.
The children's vision of the world is now becoming universal, interest in childhood is becoming more and more intense, and the image of the child is taking an increasingly significant place in the world of adults.
Significant costs of the process of socialization of modern youth include pronounced infantilism of a significant part of it, which is caused by the peculiarities of the game consciousness, convinced of its protection from the duties and hardships of everyday life. Playing with reality, or playing in an illusory world, which is expressed in fashionable youth communities living according to the laws of virtual reality, in long-term material and everyday dependence on parents, etc., is based on a secret desire to renounce those social rights, the implementation of which is associated with practice-oriented efforts, and with it from the rights and obligations that "adult" life implies. The right to childhood is hypertrophied to the right to eternal childhood, which, in essence, is a renunciation of the right to adulthood.
Each new generation of people appropriates the level reached by humanity, taking it for granted. For example, today a child from an early age is free to use a TV, a computer. He masters all this as already solved problems, a starting position. Children grasp the highest level achieved. Meanwhile, for adults, these tasks are still in the process of development, concluding the process of solution. Moreover, when dealing with new electronic, computer toys, games, and so on, the child in his relationship to them raises questions that require adults to comprehend them.
Modern childhood has become, on the one hand, much more active in its reflection on the surrounding world as a whole, on the other hand, more infantile in terms of social orientation. There have been serious shifts in the motivational and needs sphere of children, which is expressed in the emergence of new, often very "controversial" values, an alarming shift in motives, etc. To a large extent, this is due to the loss and lack of stable socially developed guidelines, clarity of positions in relations to the reality of adult society itself. In addition, the structures that ensure the formation of a children's society, in particular, various amateur children's associations, have been reduced to a minimum. The existing various sections, circles and other extra-curricular forms are focused on specific objective activities, and not on the interaction of children, not on the child's manifestation of himself among others, in his society. Meanwhile, children feel the need to develop multifaceted relationships with each other, different at different ages, in the organization of special social structures that carry a certain load, both in the children's society itself and in the adult world. Growing children realize this need for connections with peers in the subcultures of certain groups, in spontaneous associations, in small, often with a negative orientation, groups, manifesting in their own way in mass shows and discos.
A complex and inadequate situation has developed in the construction of children's relations with the adult world, which is inadequate to the needs of children and the tasks of upbringing. On the one hand, the adult world seemed to be approaching: children became not only more relaxed in relation to adults, more confident, and often condescendingly contemptuous, that the connection with the greater availability of information, with the fact that almost everything previously forbidden became available and permitted , there was a certain independence of children.
On the other hand, at the same time, the adult world moved away, since adults not only began to take less time with children, but also do not appear before them in a clear position of their attitude, their requirements. At the same time, older children - adolescents and high school students - actually retain the position of a child in the eyes of close adults and the adult world as a whole. Children are not included in the sphere of activity of society and in the discussion at an accessible level of those economic, environmental, socio-political and other problems that adults live with. The school still does not create adequate opportunities for including children in situations that require them to display personal social activity, self-determination and responsibility. On the contrary, due to the reduction in the requirements for the development of compulsory subjects, the lack of proper control, etc., on the one hand, and the change in the values and goals of today's youth, on the other hand, conditions are being formed that contribute to the development of dependency, a consumer position, stimulating the formation of social passivity and egocentrism.
It is no coincidence, for example, that compulsory classes, training and others, in the absence of a corresponding formed need, an internal readiness to acquire deep true knowledge, are perceived by schoolchildren only as imposed, often causing a feeling of incomprehensibility, opposition. Obviously, there is a sharp contradiction between the accelerated general social development of children, associated with conditional familiarization with the world of adults, and the possibilities of real social functioning and real personally significant ways of socialization and individualization that are closed to them.
In modern conditions, a qualitatively new circumstance has also appeared that significantly complicates the process of becoming a growing person's personality - an avalanche-like, uncontrollable, uncontrollable information from cinema, television and computer monitor screens, pages of magazines and newspapers of different levels of dignity and dubiousness. All the material specially given to the child, from school subjects to moral principles, no matter how broad it may be and no matter how hard parents and teachers try, is in the same channel with a much larger flow of this free information.
Modern childhood has significantly stretched out in time, lengthening in developed countries over the past one hundred to one hundred and thirty years by one third, from 12 to 18 years of age. At the same time, an ever more dynamic development takes place within each stage-stage of childhood.
Talking about children and childhood, of course, one cannot avoid the problem of play and its importance for the development, upbringing and education of children. The paramount importance of the game for the natural development of the child is evidenced by the fact that the UN has proclaimed the game a universal and inalienable right of the child. Play is the only central activity of the child, taking place at all times and among all peoples. V. G. Belinsky wrote in one of his articles that let the child play pranks and mischief, if only his pranks and pranks were not harmful and did not bear the imprint of physical and moral cynicism; let it be reckless, reckless, so long as it is not stupid and stupid, while deadness and lifelessness are worst of all.
The game, as you know, presupposes the presence of other participants with whom the rules and scenario of the game are discussed, roles are distributed, etc. Even in those cases when a child plays alone, he seems to “split up” and agree on everything with himself. The game is always a dialogue. During the game, unpredictable situations often arise, opening up scope for making non-standard decisions, awakening fantasy and imagination, stimulating the independence and initiative of each participant.
When the game is offered by others, children, as a rule, easily and immediately take over the game part, however, with goal-setting, control and evaluation, as the most reflexive components, the situation is much more complicated. J. Piaget explained this by the existence of a rigid age division of the functions of a child and an adult. So, in the European and in our system of education and upbringing, the functions of goal-setting, control and evaluation in the process of interaction with children are assigned to adults. In independent children's play, most often, the idea of the game, and its implementation, and correction are the work of the child himself.
But both children's games and toys have undergone significant changes, especially in recent decades. Informatization and computerization, which swept society at the end of the 20th century, radically change the situation that has developed for centuries through the influence of games on the formation of a child's personality. The place of a partner in games is firmly occupied by a computer. No matter how complex the game program is, in playing with a computer, the child reacts to the given rules, while the computer itself does not take into account the individuality of the child. There is another dangerous trend. Modern complex games and toys that have replaced mechanical ones do not allow the child to learn the principle of their work, look inside and experience surprise and a sense of discovery. And the ancients noticed that surprise is a source of wisdom, it always prompted an independent creative search.
The time of childhood is a natural harmony of mind and feelings that have not lost their sharpness and brightness, which is so necessary for acquiring cultural experience and the formation of the child's inner world. In childhood, the mind and feelings are equal and self-sufficient, although to a certain extent they are autonomous. It is no coincidence that the task of the teacher is to create conditions for their integral development. It can be assumed that underestimation of this and other social factors affecting the child in modern conditions is able to nullify the efforts of teachers, parents, and psychologists to form a unique personality.
To understand childhood, it is necessary not only to study its contemporary problems and difficulties, but also to carry out a historical analysis of the state of children and childhood in different historical epochs in various social systems. In this, researchers are helped by giving inexhaustible material, autobiographical stories about childhood.
The educational theory and practice of a historically specific time in an autobiographical approach are presented through the individual life and experience of the child, reproduce his personal attitude towards them, although meaningful already in adulthood. Memories of the childhood of people of different generations show the history of the world of childhood, the history of the emotional and mental world of children, the history of pedagogical practice not from the side of a professional, but from the side of the “former child”. The existential states of the individual acquire a historical and biographical character.
The description and analysis of individual life and the strategy of behavior chosen by a person turned out to be applicable not only in literature as an artistic device, but also in sociology, history, anthropology, pedagogy, ethnography and other areas of human science in order to understand the way people exist in a given society, the formation of their destinies, ways of their socialization, correlation of childhood and fate. At the same time, it can be a story about the specific life of a real person, absolutely nothing outstanding, in contrast to the biography of a famous person.
Back in the 1930s. famous Russian pedologist N.A. Rybnikov and the German teacher K. Uhlig developed a biographical method and used autobiographical materials to study childhood, but this initiative was not developed in Russia. In Germany, the renaissance of the autobiographical method in pedagogy in the 1960s. laid the foundation for E. Hoffman and especially J. Henningsen, who wrote that pedagogy explores autobiographies, since they refer the researcher to individual histories of learning. Learning does not mean only and not primarily studying at school. The history of learning is the whole life of a person.
The attention of modern researchers working in line with pedagogical anthropology is attracted by autobiographical texts about childhood in the following aspects:
The study of the historical and socio-cultural dynamics of views on childhood;
Studying the features of socialization and the role of childhood in the structure of the life path;
Solving the problems of the ecology of the educational process and pedagogical psychology;
Reconstruction of the customs of education among different peoples, etc. Studies of autobiographies, giving the reader living material
everyday life of a particular era, give a lot to recreate the complex and very specific ways of socialization of the individual, depending on the socio-historical conditions.
“Everything starts from childhood,” says the famous children's writer S. V. Mikhalkov. In his book with this title, he writes: “It is in childhood that the sowing of goodness takes place. But only after years will it be clear whether the seeds of goodness turned out to be the weeds of evil have destroyed them. It is the task of each of us to help the seeds of good to sprout."
Children today are different from children of previous generations. The development of scientific progress, the abundance of information, as well as the rapidly changing pace and lifestyle of people, have a huge impact on the character of babies from the very first seconds of life. Today the site talks about how modern children differ from children of previous generations.
Overprotection and lack of attention
Psychologists note that most of today's children suffer either from overprotection or from a lack of attention. Both have a strong influence on the character of the child and his psychological development.
Today, women are preoccupied with a career on a par with men and, having barely given birth, resort to the help of a nanny or governess. The competition in the labor market is huge, so women prefer to deliberately shorten their maternity leave in order to return to work as soon as possible. As a result, at the age when the character and psychological health of the child is being formed, the baby does not see his mother at all.
Due to the heightened desire to get the attention of parents, the child can act up a lot, behave defiantly, provoke parents to emotions, and also manipulate adults. In addition, very often the child tries to replace the lack of attention with other elements: playing the computer, strange hobbies and friends, and in adolescence, he may also face more serious problems, such as drugs and alcohol.
Problems of modern children
Hyper-custody also does not add to the child's ease in perceiving reality and leaves an imprint on the character at the very moment when it is just being formed. Mothers who have decided to devote their whole lives to raising a child are too protective of their child, trying to protect him from the dangers of the world around him. As a result, the child grows up spoiled, infantile and intimidated, unable to make independent decisions and move towards his goal.
Remember that character is formed during the first 5 years of a child's life. Do not rush to get out of maternity leave, but do not close it from the world within four walls. Consider sending your child to a nursery or kindergarten, where he can learn to socialize among peers and begin to show independence at a young age.
In the flow of information
Today, a huge amount of information circulates in our world, and children are its direct consumers. But the problem is that most children and adolescents do not know how to use and filter it, and therefore they choose for themselves only what may seem interesting.
